Integumentary System Matching
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Questions and Answers

Match the receptor type with its primary function:

Nociceptor = Detects pain and tissue damage Root Hair Plexus = Detects movement of hair Merkel Disc = Discriminative touch; precise object details Meissner’s Corpuscle = Detects gentle pressure and soft vibrations

Match the receptor type with its location in the skin:

Free Nerve Endings = Top of the dermis Merkel Disc = Bottom layer of the epidermis Meissner’s Corpuscle = Top of the dermis Root Hair Plexus = Around the hair follicle

Match the receptor type with its classification as tonic or phasic:

Merkel Disc = Tonic receptor Meissner’s Corpuscle = Phasic receptor Nociceptor = Can exhibit both tonic and phasic properties Ruffini Corpuscle = Tonic receptor

Match the receptor type with its characteristic response to stimuli:

<p>Nociceptor = Responds to intense stimuli causing damage Merkel Disc = Provides sustained response to pressure Meissner’s Corpuscle = Rapidly adapts to sustained pressure Root Hair Plexus = Responds to any movement of the hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic with the correct type of nerve ending receptor:

<p>Free Nerve Endings = Nerve cell with nude endings Encapsulated Nerve Endings = Nerve cells with connective tissue layers Tonic Receptors = Keeps you aware of an object on the skin for up to 30 minutes Phasic Receptors = Stop responding after a short period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following receptors with what types of stimuli they respond to:

<p>Nociceptor = Pain, temperature, itch, tickle Root Hair Plexus = Hair movement Merkel Disc = Size, texture, exact location, movement Meissner’s Corpuscle = Gentile pressure &amp; soft vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the receptor type with its ability to provide detailed touch information on the skin:

<p>Merkel Disc = Discriminative touch: detailed and precise information Meissner's Corpuscle = Discriminative touch, but stops responding after a short period of time Ruffini Corpuscle = Discriminative touch: active as long as 30 mins Nociceptors = Does not give information about the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with what stimulus intensity they respond to:

<p>Nociceptors = Any intense stimulus Merkel Disc = Movement Meissner’s Corpuscle = Gentle pressure Root Hair Plexus = Hair movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the layer of the integument with its primary components:

<p>Epidermis = Stratified squamous epithelium Dermis = Connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve receptors Hypodermis = Adipose tissue and larger blood vessels Surface Film = Mixture of sweat and oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function of the integument with its mechanism:

<p>Protection = Physical barrier and surface film Thermoregulation = Vasodilation and vasoconstriction Vitamin D Synthesis = Exposure to sunlight Excretion = Release of salts, water, and wastes in sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with blood vessel behavior

<p>Vasodilation = Increased blood flow to the skin Vasoconstriction = Decreased blood flow to the skin Thermoregulation = Alternating between vasodilation and vasconstriction Temperature Increase = Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of the surface film with its primary contribution:

<p>Sweat = Excretion of waste products Oil = Prevention of bacterial and fungal growth Acid Mantle = Buffering of caustic irritants Vitamin D = Calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the tissue type with its corresponding skin layer:

<p>Stratified Squamous = Epidermis Connective = Dermis Adipose = Hypodermis Muscle = Integument</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the condition or state with the blood flow response in the skin:

<p>Overheated = Vasodilation to release heat Exposure to cold = Vasoconstriction to conserve heat Maintaining core temperature = Vasoconstriction Flushed skin appearance = Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the function of the integument with a chemical substance or process involved:

<p>Antimicrobial action = Acid mantle (pH 4-6) Calcium absorption = Vitamin D from sunlight Thermoregulation = Blood flow changes (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) Excretion = Urea, ammonia, and uric acid in sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the change in blood flow to skin with its effect on heat retention or loss:

<p>Increased blood flow = Heat loss Decreased blood flow = Heat retention Normal blood flow = Maintaining body temperature Surface film = Heat exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the epidermal function with its corresponding description:

<p>Strengthen Epidermis-Dermis Connection = Folds formed by dermal papillae increase surface area. Enhance Grasping Ability = Friction ridges provide texture for better grip. Forensic Identification = Fingerprints are unique patterns used in forensics. Collagen and Elastin Network = Gives skin its overall strength and stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the layer of the dermis with its main characteristic:

<p>Reticular Layer = Dense irregular connective tissue providing strength and elasticity. Papillary Layer = Superficial layer containing dermal papillae. Dermal Sensory Receptors = Nerve endings that respond to various stimuli. Stretch Marks = Tears in collagen bundles caused by rapid stretching of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of sensory receptor with the stimulus it detects:

<p>Mechanoreceptors = Respond to touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, or itch. Thermoreceptors = Respond to changes in temperature. Nociceptors = Respond to pain stimuli. Proprioceptors = Sense the position and movement of body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the appropriate term related to collagen fibers in the dermis:

<p>Cleavage Lines = Natural patterns formed by collagen fibers in the dermis. Scar Tissue = Fibrous tissue that forms after an injury. Collagen Fibers = Provide tensile strength and structure to the dermis. Elastic Fibers = Allow the dermis to stretch and recoil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the property of skin with its description:

<p>Strength = Resistance to pulling or stretching forces. Elasticity = Ability to return to original shape after stretching. Turgor = The state of tension in the skin due to water content. Sensitivity = Ability to detect and respond to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the result of skin damage with its description:

<p>Tears/separation of collagen = Stretch Marks. Gaping wounds = Likely to form scar tissue. Scars = Dense fibrous connective tissue that forms after injury. Inflammation = Initial immune response to tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the surgical procedure consideration with its consequence:

<p>Cutting across cleavage lines = Causes gaping in wounds. Cutting along cleavage lines = Minimizes scar tissue formation. Deep incisions = May damage sensory receptors. Poor wound closure = Increases risk of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of receptor with the kind of mechanical distortion it responds to:

<p>Mechanoreceptors = Vibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer type with its cell of origin:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Stratum basale epithelial cells Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Stratum spinosum epithelial cells Malignant Melanoma = Melanocytes Kaposi Sarcoma = No cell of origin specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer type with its typical lesion description:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Raised lesion with a pearly edge and a central crater Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Scaly, red, and raised lesion Malignant Melanoma = Flat, spreading brown or black patch Kaposi Sarcoma = No lesion description specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer type with its likelihood of metastasis:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Least likely to metastasize Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Can metastasize Malignant Melanoma = Most likely to metastasize Kaposi Sarcoma = No metastasis information specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer type with the typical location on the body:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Stratum basale Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Scalp, forehead, lower lip, back of hands Malignant Melanoma = Develops from a mole Kaposi Sarcoma = No location specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer with its relative mortality rate:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Very low mortality rate (highly curable) Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Moderate mortality rate (can be cured if detected early) Malignant Melanoma = High mortality rate (most deadly skin cancer) Kaposi Sarcoma = Mortality rate not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each skin cancer type with a key distinguishing characteristic:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Pearly edge Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Rapid growth Malignant Melanoma = Arises from melanocytes Kaposi Sarcoma = No distinguishing characteristic specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the skin cancer with its primary risk factor from the list:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Tumor originates in stratum basale Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Commonly occurs on: scalp, forehead, lower lip, back of hands Malignant Melanoma = Highest incidence in fair-haired Kaposi Sarcoma = Risk factors not specified in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the skin cancer with its appropriate treatment approach:

<p>Basal Cell Carcinoma = Excision (cutting out) Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Treatment approach not specified Malignant Melanoma = Treatment approach not specified Kaposi Sarcoma = Treatment approach not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each phase of tissue healing with its primary characteristic:

<p>Inflammation = Initiation of healing; characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Proliferation = Characterized by the formation of new tissue and blood vessels. Remodeling = Reshaping and strengthening of the new tissue; collagen fibers organize. Hemostasis = The process of stopping bleeding; formation of a fibrin clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inflammatory mediators with their primary action:

<p>Histamine = Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability Cytokines = Attract white blood cells to the site of injury (chemotaxis) Kinins = Vasodilation and increased pain sensitivity Prostaglandins = Vasodilation, pain, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of white blood cell (WBC) with its primary function during tissue repair:

<p>Neutrophils = Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris in early inflammation Macrophages = Phagocytosis of debris and stimulation of tissue regeneration Lymphocytes = Antibody production and regulation of the immune response Eosinophils = Defense against parasites and allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each term related to tissue injury with its description:

<p>Edema = Swelling caused by fluid accumulation in tissues Erythema = Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow Diapedesis = Passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries Chemotaxis = Movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Associate each event with its corresponding stage of the inflammatory response:

<p>Vasodilation = Increased blood flow to the injured area Increased vascular permeability = Allows WBCs to leave blood vessels and enter damaged tissue Chemotaxis = Attracts WBCs to the injury site Phagocytosis = Harmful bacteria and debris are ingested by WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each chemical cue with its specific role in chemotaxis during the inflammatory response:

<p>Kinins = Attract white blood cells to the injured tissue Cytokines = Induce chemotaxis and activate immune cells Interleukins = Regulate immune cell growth, differentiation, and activation Complement fragments = Promote chemotaxis and enhance phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of tissue repair with its description:

<p>Regeneration = Replacement of damaged tissue with the same tissue type Fibrosis = Replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue (scar formation) Granulation tissue formation = Formation of new connective tissue and blood vessels during healing Epithelialization = Migration of epithelial cells to cover the wound surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cells with their primary role in tissue healing:

<p>Fibroblasts = Synthesize and deposit collagen to form scar tissue Endothelial cells = Form new blood vessels (angiogenesis) Epithelial cells = Regenerate and cover the wound surface Myofibroblasts = Contract the wound and reduce its size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the epidermal layer with its primary function:

<p>Stratum basale = Cell division and melanin production Stratum corneum = Water resistance and protection Stratum spinosum = Immune response Stratum granulosum = Lipid secretion and keratinization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its correct definition related to skin structure:

<p>Keratinocytes = Predominant cells of the epidermis Melanocytes = Cells that produce melanin Hypodermis = Layer of connective tissue below the dermis Dermal papillae = Projections of the dermis into the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic with the correct layer of the integument:

<p>Epidermis = Water-resistant due to keratinization Dermis = Rich blood supply and sensory receptors Hypodermis = Attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone Adipose tissue = Stores significant amounts of body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the skin layer it best describes:

<p>Stratum basale = Single layer of cells with rapid mitosis Hypodermis = Layer used for hypodermic injections Melanocytes = Cells found in the stratum basale that produce melanin Keratinization = Process that strengthens the epidermis and makes it water resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell type with its primary role in the epidermis:

<p>Keratinocytes = Encase themselves with keratin Melanocytes = Produce melanin Langerhans cells = Provide immune defense Merkel cells = Aid in touch sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process with its role in epidermal structure:

<p>Mitosis = Replenishes cells in the stratum basale Keratinization = Cells flatten out to a squamous shape Melanin Production = Protects against UV radiation Cell Death = As keratin replaces living components</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics that occur during keratinization:

<p>Living Components = Replaced by keratin Cell Strength = Strengthens the epidermis Cell Division = Rapidly occurs in Stratum Basale Cell Shape = Changes from cuboidal/columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the process in the epidermis with its effect on skin:

<p>Keratinization = Increases water resistance Melanin production = Offers UV protection Desquamation = Sheds dead skin cells Rapid Mitosis = Replaces cells in the stratum basale</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skin Layers

Two layers: epidermis and dermis.

Integument Layers

Three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Integument Purposes

Protection, excretion, temperature maintenance, vitamin D synthesis, and sensitivity.

Surface Film

A film on the skin's surface with pH 4-6 that helps prevent bacterial and fungal growth.

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Vasodilation

Increase in blood flow to the skin to release heat.

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Vasoconstriction

Decrease in blood flow to the skin to conserve heat, sending blood to organs.

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Vitamin D synthesis

Synthesis occurs in the skin when exposed to sunlight. Important for Ca+2 absorption.

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Epidermis Tissue

Stratified squamous epithelium with 25-50 layers of keratinocytes.

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Hypodermis Fat Storage

Stores up to 50% of total body fat.

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Hypodermis Function

Attaches skin to muscle and bone.

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Hypodermis Blood Supply

Provides blood for the epidermis.

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Hypodermis Medical Use

Medicines are injected into this layer due to its loose, spongy texture and rich blood supply.

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Keratinization Purpose

Strengthens the epidermis and makes it water-resistant.

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Keratinocyte Movement

Keratinocytes move from the stratum basale upward to the stratum corneum.

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Keratinocyte Shape Change

Keratinocytes flatten out to a squamous shape.

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Stratum Basale

A single layer of columnar cells with rapid mitosis, producing new cells every 14 to 19 days.

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Epidermal Folds Significance

Folds in the epidermis caused by dermal papillae that strengthen the connection between the epidermis and dermis.

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Epidermal Ridges Function

Epidermal ridges give a raised texture to the skin's surface, aiding in grasping and walking on slick surfaces.

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Fingerprints

Unique patterns on fingertips used for identification in forensic science.

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Stretch Marks

Tears or separations of collagen bundles in the reticular layer, with scar tissue forming.

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Reticular Layer Significance

Gives skin its overall strength and stretchability.

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Cleavage (Tension) Lines

Collagen fiber patterns in the dermis that, when cut across, cause gaping wounds and more scar tissue.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli like touch, pressure, stretch, vibration, or itch.

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Reticular Layer Structure

Dense irregular connective tissue.

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Nociceptors

Respond to intense stimuli causing tissue damage; function as crucial protective receptors, also react to chemicals, triggering pain sensations.

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Free Nerve Endings

A nerve cell with 'nude' dendritic knobs; located in the TOP of the dermis.

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Nociceptor Function

Detects pain, temperature, itch, and tickle.

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Root Hair Plexus

Detects hair movement.

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Merkel Disc

A special receptor located in the DEEPEST layer (base) of the epidermis that gives discriminative touch.

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Discriminative Touch

Detailed, precise information about an object's size, texture, location, and movement.

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Tonic Receptors

Provide continuous awareness of an object on the skin; active for up to 30 minutes; Merkel Discs and Ruffini Corpuscles.

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Phasic Receptors

Respond briefly to stimuli, then stop responding; Meissner's corpuscles.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

Cancer of epithelial cells, originating in the stratum basale.

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Basal Cell Carinoma Lesion

Raised lesion in stratum basale that erodes, forming a crater with a pearly edge.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Skin cancer originating in the stratum spinosum.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lesion

Skin lesion that is scaly, red, and raised

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Malignant Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes; often develops from a mole.

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Melanoma Lesion

Flat, spreading brown or black skin patch.

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Metastatic Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes, with a high likelihood of metastasis.

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Sarcoma

Cancer of connective tissue.

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Inflammation

Tissue response to injury/infection, bringing WBCs for phagocytosis to clear microbes and dead tissue for healing.

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Signs of Inflammation

Redness, swelling, pain, and heat

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Vasodilation in Inflammation

Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow and WBCs to the injured area.

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Increased Vascular Permeability

Capillaries become leaky, allowing WBCs to leave the blood vessels and enter damaged tissue.

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Diapedesis

WBCs squeeze through capillary walls to enter the tissue.

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Chemotaxis

Chemical cues attract WBCs to the injury site.

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Phagocytosis in Inflammation

Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest harmful bacteria and debris.

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Histamine's Role

Histamine released by mast cells causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

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Study Notes

  • Integument: Outermost covering of an animal, primarily the skin in vertebrates, serving as a protective barrier
  • Skin (cutaneous membrane): Composed of two layers (epidermis and dermis)
  • Integument: Consists of three layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis)
  • Skin helps protects underlying tissues and organs
  • Excretes salts, water, and wastes in sweat such as urea, ammonia and uric acid
  • Skin helps maintain normal body temperature by altering blood flow
  • Vasodilation: Heat released from the body, increasing blood flow to the skin, may have pink or red appearance
  • Vasoconstriction: Conserves heat in the body, decreasing blood flow to the skin, blood is sent to organs
  • Skin synthesizes Vitamin D for calcium absorption in the intestine, important for hardening bones
  • Nerves (nerve receptors) enable sensitivity to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Epidermis

  • Type of tissue is stratified squamous epithelium, consists of 25-50 layers of keratinocytes
  • Strata (layers) of the epidermis: Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
  • Strata Germinativum: Contains two layers (basale and spinosum), the location of germ (stem) cells that produce new cells by mitosis
  • The strata are present because of keratinization, a process where epidermal cells, called keratinocytes, mature and accumulate keratin as they move from the basale upward.

Dermis

  • Mostly made of dense irregular connective tissue with criss-cross collagen fibers, and a small amount of areolar connective tissue, and other components.
  • Contains small blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, and lymph vessels

Hypodermis

  • Other names include the subcutaneous layer and superficial fascia
  • Its tissue is mainly areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue in varying amounts
  • Acts as a foundation or support for the skin
  • Stores from 15-50% of total body fat
  • Attaches skin to muscle and bone
  • Possesses a larger amount of areolar connective tissue than the dermis, making it the layer of the integument that provides blood for the epidermis
  • Medicines can be injected due to its texture and rich blood supply

Keratinization of the Epidermis

  • Takes 35 days on average
  • Purpose of keratinization: Strengthen epidermis and makes it water-resistant
  • Cell Location Change: Keratinocytes move from the basale upward to the corneum
  • Cell Composition Change: Keratinocytes become encased in keratin, eventually dying as keratin replaces their living components
  • Cell Shape Change: Keratinocytes start cuboidal/columnar but flatten to a squamous shape

Rapid Mitosis in Stratum Basale

  • A single layer of columnar cells undergoes rapid mitosis, producing new cells every 14 to 19 days, containing most germ cells
  • Cells are in a wavy line due to the dermal papillary layer
  • Melanocytes are present for melanin production
  • Merkel cells/discs: Act as receptors, stimulating nerves so that the brain knows when the skin is touched.

Desmosome Development in Stratum Spinosum

  • Desmosome Formation: Intercellular cement/tough glue that holds cells together
  • Cell shape stretches, giving a spiny or prickly appearance
  • Limited Mitosis (small amount of cell division)
  • Langerhans cells: Macrophages that clean bacteria, foreign materials, and damaged cells

Keratin Synthesis Begins in Stratum Granulosum

  • Production of Keratohyaline: Gives cells a grainy appearance, which is the first step in keratin production
  • Production of Lamellated granules: Make a waterproof for cells, preventing blood nutrients from reaching upper cell layers, as a result cells begin to die..
  • Breakdown of Cell Contents occur with the nucleus and other cell components, which disintegrates because the cells die.
  • Cells become thinner and flatter

Continued Keratin Synthesis in Stratum Lucidum

  • Keratohyaline inside cells becomes eleidin, clear substance and second step in keratin production

Keratinization and Desquamation in Stratum Corneum

  • Keratinization Completed: Eleidin turns into keratin, forming a hard envelope around the cell
  • Desquamation: After 40-56 days, desmosome connections break and cells are shed off

Thick and Thin Skin Types

  • Thick skin contains all five strata (stratum corneum is thick), there are no oil glands or hairs, and are only on palms and soles
  • Thin skin lacks a stratum lucidum and each strata has fewer cell layers.
  • Note: Thickness refers to the epidermis and the total skin thickness depends on the dermis

Papillary Layer (Superficial Layer) of the Dermis

  • Areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers forms mounds (papillae), or folds, in the epidermis
  • Strengthens the connection between the epidermis and dermis
  • The papillae form friction ridges, giving a raised texture that assists in grasping objects and walking on slick surfaces
  • Are useful as fingerprints in forensic science

Reticular Layer (Deep Layer) of the Dermis

  • Bottom 80% of the dermis
  • Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Provides overall strength and stretch to the skin
  • The collagen fibers form patterns called Cleavage or Tension Lines mapped on the human body
  • Surgeons must attempt to cut in the direction of collagen fibers to avoid bad scars.

Sensory Receptors (Nerves) of the Dermis

  • Receptor Types Grouped By Stimulus Detection:*
  • Mechanoreceptors respond to any mechanical stimulus, such as touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration
  • Nociceptors (pain receptors) respond to any intense stimulus that causes receptor

Receptor Types Grouped By Structure

  • Free Nerve Ending Receptors: Neurons with "nude" endings
  • Nociceptor: Detects mostly pain, but also temperature, itch, etc.
  • Root Hair Plexus: Detects hair movement
  • Merkel Disc: Unlike other receptors, this cell is located in the epidermis and they give detailed information about the object touching the skin
  • Are Tonic Receptors: Remain active as long as 30 minutes

Encapsulated Nerve Ending Receptors

  • Nerve cells covered in layers of connective tissue
  • Meissner’s Corpuscles respond to gentle pressure and are found in of the dermis
  • Give discriminative touch like the merkel disc
  • Are Phasic Receptors which respond to an object on the skin, but stop responding shortly after
  • Krause's End Bulb: Found in mucous membranes, as well as lips and tongue
  • Pacinian Corpuscle: Layered connective tissue and responds to deep pressure. It is used to detect smooth versus rough texture. Gives vague information about the object touching the skin.
  • Ruffini's Corpuscles: Mostly found in fingers and joints to monitor movements.

Skin Glands of the Dermis (and Hypodermis)

  • Sudoriferous/Sweat Glands: Usually found in the dermis.
    • Merocrine/eccrine glands are the most common type which regulates body temperature

Sebaceous/Oil Glands

  • Sebaceous Glands: Sebum/oil is antifungal & antibacterial due to its slightly acidic pH (4-6 pH) and it the second part of the surface film/acid mantle
  • May or may not be connected to hair follicles
  • Prevents excessive water loss from skin
  • Oil lubricates the hair and skin

Ceruminous/Wax Glands

  • Wax is a combination of both cerumen and sebum
  • Protects ear from dehydration

Accessory Structures of Dermis

  • Hair Follicle: Tiny organ covering the hair and is the source of germ cells for hair growth

Hair Follicle Layers

  • Dermal Root Sheath: Perimeter sheath; Made of collagen
  • External Epithelial Root Sheath: all the strata
  • Internal Epithelial Root Sheath: Has germinativum of the dermis where cell growth happens. These cells move to the MATRIX OF THE HAIR BULB to grow the hair.
  • Hair Bulb: Round base section of hair follicle
  • Hair matrix: This causes hair growth
  • Hair papillae: Gives the Matrix blood supply
  • Hair layers:
    • Cuticle outer most layer to ensure hairs do not mat
    • Cortex middle layer for melanocytes; largest layer
    • Medulla innermost largest, loose layer filled with air
  • Arrector Pili Muscles: Tiny smooth muscles attached to the base of hairs (at hair bulb), which is used to release oil from sebaceous glands onto skin & hair.

Dermatoses as Skin Disorders

  • Microbial disorders:
  • Acne: Use Oil
  • Impetigo: Blistering
  • Tinea/ Mycoses: Fungal/yeast
  • Seborrhea: oil irritated
  • Warts: caused by virus
  • Vascular and inflammatory disorders:
  • Eczema - rash
  • Decubitus ulcers- tissue damage
  • Scleroderma- hard skin
  • Psoriasis- autoimmune itching with excessive mitosis of skin cells.
  • Rosacea- puffy cheeks
  • vitiligo- immune disorder skin bleaching WBC
  • Inflammation is defined as the body response to injury, as well as swelling
  • Vasodilation: causing blood increase through the body
  • Vascular Permeability: capillaries become temporary leaky.
  • Chemotaxis: movement of WBC due to injury to the body
  • Phagocytosis: Harmful material that digested in the body
  • Skin growths can occur at anytime
  • Basal Cell Cancers: less likely to metastasize and mostly cut out; originates in stratum basale
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma- red/scaly & quickly grows but can be radiated to not spread, originates in the Spinous layer.
  • Malignant Melanoma- originates in melanocytes- from sun (not really skin cancer)
  • Kaposi- originates in dermal with purplish color and is deadly when metastasizes to HIV patients but is rare

Burns

  • First-degree: damage to epidermis or sunburn
  • Second-degree: damage is blistering, but can be treated due to hurt
  • Third-degree: complete destruction which there is destruction, yet it needs help to be removed with risk factors
  • 2nd/3rd degree burns cause fluid to leak or damage bodily and require immediate care

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Integumentary System Notes PDF

Description

Matching questions covering receptor types, functions, and locations in the skin. It also includes matching stimuli, intensity, and integument layers. The quiz assesses understanding of blood vessel behavior and skin's chemical contributions.

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