L4 Skin II
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes eccrine sweat glands from apocrine sweat glands?

  • Apocrine glands are found throughout the body.
  • Eccrine glands release cytoplasm in their secretions.
  • Eccrine glands do not lose cytoplasm in their secretions. (correct)
  • Apocrine glands are the most numerous in palms and soles.

    • Which part of the body has the highest concentration of eccrine sweat glands?

  • Axillary region
  • Back and chest
  • Palms and soles (correct)
  • Face and neck

    • What is the structure associated with the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands?

  • Secretory coil composed of myoepithelial and clear cells (correct)
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium only
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Single-layered epithelium

    • Where do apocrine sweat glands primarily secrete their products?

    <p>Concentrated in axilla and groin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do eccrine sweat glands have in their excretory portion?

    <p>Coiled structure with dermal and intraepidermal portions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is NOT found in the secretory coil of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is associated with regulating body temperature through secretion?

    <p>Eccrine sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular secretion mechanism do apocrine sweat glands utilize?

    <p>Apocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myoepithelial cells in glandular structures?

    <p>Promoting secretion via contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates apocrine sweat glands from eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>The secretory cells of apocrine glands exhibit eosinophilic cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormality is associated with cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Increased secretion of sodium and chloride in sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the nail is primarily responsible for its growth?

    <p>Nail root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion is characteristic of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Holocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assertion about eccrine sweat glands is true?

    <p>They primarily function in temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Rich in squalene and triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of matrix is present in hair follicles that contributes to hair growth?

    <p>Pleuripotential keratinocyte matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hair growth is characteristically associated with the active growth of hair?

    <p>Anagen phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of the arrector pili muscle affect hair follicles?

    <p>It elevates hair in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily characterized by recurrent non-scarring hair loss?

    <p>Alopecia areata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dermal papilla' refer to in the context of hair follicles?

    <p>Connective tissue containing blood vessels supporting hair growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue structure is crucial for the supply of nutrients to the hair follicle at the base?

    <p>Dermal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the characteristics of keratin in the hair shaft?

    <p>Hard keratin with overlapping scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They contain both clear and dark cells in their secretory coil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which locations are apocrine sweat glands most concentrated?

    <p>Axilla, groin, and perineum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical feature of eccrine sweat glands that aids in temperature regulation?

    <p>The secretory coil located in the subcutis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cells are not typically found in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Adipocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'acrosyringium' refers to which part of the eccrine sweat gland?

    <p>The spiral portion of the excretory duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the secretion mechanism of eccrine sweat glands differ from apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eccrine glands secrete via merocrine mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary regulatory function of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Regulating body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structure of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They consist of a secretory coil and two types of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the apocrine sweat glands compared to eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They have discontinuous myoepithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of the arrector pili muscle?

    <p>It elevates hair in response to specific stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystic fibrosis, which abnormality affects the exocrine glands?

    <p>Abnormal chloride and sodium transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of hair matrix cells?

    <p>They undergo cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily involved in the composition of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Lipids and triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the nail is critical for its attachment to the underlying tissue?

    <p>Nail bed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily make up the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eosinophilic secretory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation associated with onychomycosis?

    <p>Pain and disfigurement of nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is most commonly associated with eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Temperature regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretory mechanism is typical for sebaceous glands?

    <p>Holocrine secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is thought to be mediated by T-cells and affects hair growth?

    <p>Alopecia areata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary structural component of hair is made up of what type of protein?

    <p>Keratin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures aids in the formation of keratinized cells in hair?

    <p>Follicular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eccrine sweat glands in terms of their secretion process?

    <p>They do not lose any cytoplasm in their secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what regions are apocrine sweat glands primarily concentrated?

    <p>In areas such as the axilla, groin, and perineum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the histology of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They contain clear and dark cells along with myoepithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myoepithelial cells in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>To facilitate secretion by contracting and squeezing the gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which distinguishing feature characterizes the excretory portion of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>It includes spiral and straight dermal portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>They are primarily responsible for thermoregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT associated with eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They primarily secrete pheromones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eccrine sweat glands contribute to body temperature regulation?

    <p>By releasing heat through evaporation of sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sweat gland type has a discontinuous myoepithelium?

    <p>Apocrine sweat glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of secretory cells in apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Lipid-rich eosinophilic cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ systems are primarily affected in cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Respiratory and digestive systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant type of secretion produced by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Holocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which hair growth phase does the hair matrix exhibit high mitotic activity?

    <p>Anagen phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the nail is responsible for keratinizing the nail plate?

    <p>Nail matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue structure nourishes the hair follicle?

    <p>Dermal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes alopecia areata?

    <p>T-cell mediated autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the distinctive appearance of the lunula in nails?

    <p>Thicker underlying epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle elevates hair follicles in response to stimuli?

    <p>Arrector pili muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the spread of fungi to the nail apparatus?

    <p>Onychomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the hair follicle ensures its protective environment?

    <p>Root sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of secretion is notably absent in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Holocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary histological difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Apocrine glands release cytoplasm during secretion, whereas eccrine glands do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations has the highest concentration of apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Face, including eyelid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do eccrine sweat glands play in thermoregulation?

    <p>Regulating body temperature through the secretion of sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT associated with eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Concentration in hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological function of the apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Producing body odor through bacterial decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of the skin are eccrine sweat glands most numerous?

    <p>Palms and soles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the secretory mechanism of apocrine sweat glands from that of eccrine glands?

    <p>They contain a higher percentage of lipid content in their secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of myoepithelial cells in both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>To contract and assist in the expulsion of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of secretion is primarily found in apocrine glands?

    <p>Decapitation secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates the myoepithelial cells of apocrine sweat glands from those of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eccrine myoepithelial cells are discontinuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that characterizes the secretory cells in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Dark and clear cells with lipid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystic fibrosis, what primary ion transport mechanism is disrupted?

    <p>Chloride transport across epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely consequence of impaired hair growth during the anagen phase?

    <p>Alopecia areata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells primarily make up the root sheath of hair follicles?

    <p>Keratinocytes in three layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant change in the structure of sebaceous glands observed in acne?

    <p>Increased size due to hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the nail bed is responsible for providing the most growth support?

    <p>Nail matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'holocrine secretion' refer to in the context of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Complete breakdown and shedding of secretory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location where apocrine glands can be found?

    <p>Axilla and groin area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique histological feature of eccrine sweat glands compared to apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Continuous myoepithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is crucial for the storage and release of sebum in sebaceous glands?

    <p>Infundibulum of hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the hair shaft composition?

    <p>Constructed mainly of hard keratinized proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of eccrine sweat glands relates to their function in thermoregulation?

    <p>They secrete a watery fluid that evaporates to cool the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant histological difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eccrine glands do not lose cytoplasm during secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are eccrine sweat glands primarily located in the human body?

    <p>Mainly on the palms and soles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the secretion method of apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>They expel a portion of their cytoplasm with secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of cells is NOT typically associated with the secretory coil of eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of myoepithelial cells in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They facilitate the contraction of secretory cells to expel sweat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the excretory components of eccrine sweat glands from those of apocrine sweat glands?

    <p>Eccrine glands have straight dermal portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about eccrine sweat gland locations?

    <p>They are found only on the dorsal surfaces of hands and feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of myoepithelial cells in the context of sweat glands?

    <p>Contracting to aid in ejection of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of apocrine sweat glands compared to eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>They have a larger lumen with eosinophilic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique histological characteristic of sebaceous glands?

    <p>Lobulated structures with holocrine secretion modality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cystic fibrosis, which ion transport anomaly is typically observed?

    <p>Abnormal chloride and sodium transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue structures primarily compose the pilosebaceous unit?

    <p>Arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the arrector pili muscle's response during certain stimuli?

    <p>It elevates hair follicles in response to stress or cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nail is primarily responsible for its growth?

    <p>Nail matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hair follicles is true regarding their structure?

    <p>They contain a dermal papilla supporting the growing epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion is primarily observed in sebaceous glands?

    <p>Holocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant clinical manifestation of onychomycosis?

    <p>Softening and discoloration of the nail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component of hair is primarily responsible for its pigmentation?

    <p>Cortex layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following connective tissues is crucial for the supply of nutrients to the hair follicle?

    <p>Dermal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the secretion process in eccrine sweat glands?

    <p>It utilizes merocrine secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of hair growth is described as the resting phase?

    <p>Telogen phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System II: Skin Appendages

    • Various skin appendages, including sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and nails, are discussed.

    Sweat Glands

    • Two types: Eccrine and Apocrine
    • Eccrine sweat glands are the most numerous and found throughout the body (except for specific locations). Key role in thermoregulation.
    • Eccrine sweat glands are tubular structures with secretory coils in the dermis. They have both a secretory and excretory portion.
    • The secretory coil contains clear and dark cells, and myoepithelial cells.
    • The excretory portion comprises dermal and intraepidermal portions (acrosyringium).
    • Apocrine sweat glands are primarily found in specific body regions like armpits, groin, and perineum.
    • Apocrine secretions contain cytoplasm and have a different secretory mechanism than eccrine glands. Apocrine glands are less numerous than eccrine glands.
    • Eccrine glands are involved in thermoregulation. Apocrine glands are often associated with body odor.
    • Sweat glands are distinguished by their secretory mechanisms. Eccrine glands do not lose cytoplasm during secretion. Apocrine glands release some cytoplasm.
    • Eccrine sweat production involves the apical dark cells secreting glycoproteins via exocytosis, while basal clear cells secrete water and electrolytes into intercellular spaces. Myoepithelial cells are present amidst the basal lamina and basal domain.
    • Eccrine sweat glands are found in the majority of the body, except for the external genitalia. Also, they have the most numerous distribution on the palms and soles.
    • Myoepithelial cells are smooth muscle-like cells, originating from epithelial tissue. They also aid in secretion ejection and play a role in gland development.

    Sebaceous Glands

    • These glands are part of the pilosebaceous unit, associated with hair follicles.
    • They are lobulated, holocrine glands.
    • The glands secrete sebum, a mixture of lipids that helps condition and waterproof hair and skin.
    • Sebaceous glands secrete lipids, including triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol.
    • The number of sebaceous glands correlates to the number of hair follicles.
    • Sebocytes within the gland are filled with lipids and lysosomes. Lysosomal enzymes induce cell autolysis, leading to holocrine secretion.
    • Sebum is important for skin and hair health. Excessive sebum can contribute to acne.

    Hair Follicles

    • Hair follicles are complex structures that produce hair.
    • Hair follicles contain a variety of layers, including the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.
    • The hair follicle matrix contains pleuripotential cells – which give rise to hair shafts.
    • The hair follicle's phases include anagen (growth), catagen (regression), and telogen (resting). Follicle structure includes the infundibulum, isthmus, suprabulbar, and bulb region. It also includes the external and internal root sheath.
    • Hair follicle structure also includes the arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands, and associated blood vessels and nerves.
    • The dermal papilla is a connective tissue bud within the hair bulb, supporting the growing hair.

    Nails

    • Nails are composed of hard keratin, growing out from the nail bed.
    • Nails consist of a free edge, nail body, and nail root.
    • Nail components include the nail matrix, nail bed, eponychium (cuticle), hyponychium, and lunula.
    • The nail plate is made up of tightly packed, hard keratinized squamous cells.
    • The nail plate grows continuously from the nail matrix.
    • Nails derive from the epidermis and serve as protective coverings.

    Cystic Fibrosis

    • Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited disorder that impacts exocrine gland function, commonly encountered in Caucasian populations.
    • The condition results from defects in the CFTR gene, which encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
    • CFTR regulates electrolyte transport across cell membranes and is essential for many bodily functions.
    • Accumulation of thick secretions is a characteristic feature of cystic fibrosis.
    • Patients with cystic fibrosis often have chronic respiratory infections, pancreatic enzyme insufficiency, and related complications. The disease's severity often varies between individuals.

    Alopecia Areata

    • Alopecia areata is a non-scarring hair loss condition, which may occur in various patterns.
    • The exact cause of alopecia areata remains unclear, but it is believed to be a T-cell mediated, autoimmune process.
    • The disorder typically involves impaired hair growth and particularly affects the anagen phase of the hair follicle cycle.

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