Integumentary System Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes congenital lesions in the integumentary system?

  • They are present at birth. (correct)
  • They are always inherited genetically.
  • They only affect external skin surfaces.
  • They develop in the postnatal period.

Which statement describes ichthyosis?

  • It leads to smooth skin surfaces.
  • It is a disease characterized by hair loss.
  • It results in marked hyperkeratosis resembling fish scales. (correct)
  • It primarily affects the inner mucosa.

What is a possible outcome of epitheliogenesis imperfecta?

  • Improved desquamation.
  • Increased hair regrowth.
  • Severe skin trauma or infection. (correct)
  • Enhanced skin barrier function.

Which of the following is true regarding hereditary disorders in the integumentary system?

<p>They can be genetically transmitted but not always expressed phenotypically. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of ichthyosis fetalis?

<p>Presence of large, horny plates on the skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a critical complication of ichthyosis?

<p>Bacterial and fungal infections due to fissuring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In congenital conditions, what is commonly noted about the timing of lesion development?

<p>Lesions develop in utero. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is related to a failure of normal keratinocyte desquamation?

<p>Ichthyosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of congenital hypotrichosis congenita in calves?

<p>Maternal dietary iodine deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which breeds are most commonly affected by familial canine dermatomyositis?

<p>Shetland Sheepdogs and Collies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance pattern is seen in familial canine dermatomyositis?

<p>Autosomal dominant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes seborrhea sicca?

<p>Dry skin with white to gray scales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of primary idiopathic seborrhea?

<p>Idiopathic origins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of canine acanthosis nigricans?

<p>Thickened epidermis due to acanthosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of seborrheic skin disease?

<p>Severe scaling and crusting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is albinism defined?

<p>Hypomelanosis with normally distributed but dysfunctional melanocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are known to become pathogenic in seborrheic skin disease?

<p>Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is associated with acute dermatitis?

<p>Vesicles, pustules, and erythema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chronic dermatitis from other forms of dermatitis?

<p>Mild erythema, scaling, and lichenification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dermatitis is associated with seborrheic skin disease at the histological level?

<p>Superficial perivascular dermatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant histological finding in seborrheic skin disease?

<p>Marked epidermal hyperplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of physical injury leads to tissue anoxia rather than direct cell disruption?

<p>Cold injury due to diminished blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with subacute dermatitis?

<p>Severe hyperkeratosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines seborrhea oleosa?

<p>Greasy skin with brown or yellow pigment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary histological features observed in burns classified as grade 20?

<p>Marked vascular changes with marked dermal edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with focal areas of alopecia and ulceration due to physical injury?

<p>Acral lick dermatitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of gangrenous necrosis of distal limbs due to ergotism?

<p>Infection from Claviceps purpurea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of burn causes coagulation necrosis of both the epidermis and dermis?

<p>Grade 30 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically observed due to chemical injury from acids?

<p>Marked erythema and swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dermatitis arises from contact with concentrated lye solution?

<p>Contact irritant dermatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sequelae following severe chemical injury of the skin?

<p>Alopecia and scarring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of injury is caused by thermal dry heat?

<p>Desiccation and carbonization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of UV radiation is considered the most damaging to the skin?

<p>UV B (280-320 nm) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential outcome of phototoxicity on unprotected skin?

<p>Inactivation of enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the formation of 'sunburn cells' in the skin?

<p>UV B radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photosensitization is caused by the failure of the liver to eliminate phylloerythrin?

<p>Type III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feline solar dermatosis can progress to which severe skin condition?

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can cause Type I photosensitization?

<p>Phenothiazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the presence of apoptotic keratinocytes in the skin?

<p>Sunburn cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the sunlight spectrum is UV C radiation found?

<p>200-280 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of photosensitization in livestock?

<p>Certain photoreactive chemicals found in specific plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cattle, which hair color is most likely to be affected by photosensitization?

<p>White areas of hair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of Vitamin A deficiency based on the content provided?

<p>Epithelial cells becoming hyperkeratotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does zinc deficiency affect the body according to the information provided?

<p>Decreases wound healing and causes keratinization defects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of skin areas are primarily affected by photosensitization in cases of liver disease?

<p>Only poorly haired or white-haired areas are affected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta

A congenital condition where there are defects in the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, adnexa (glands and hair follicles), and/or oral mucosa. Most often seen in calves and piglets.

Ichthyosis

A hereditary cutaneous disorder characterized by excessive keratin production, causing thick, scaly skin resembling fish scales. Commonly observed in cattle and dogs.

Congenital lesions

Lesions that develop in a fetus while it's still inside the mother's womb (in utero) and are present at birth.

Hereditary conditions

Conditions passed down through genes and not always apparent at birth. The condition may not be visible (phenotypically) until later in life.

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Ichthyosis fetalis

A severe form of congenital ichthyosis where the skin is covered in large, horny plaques, deep fissures, and lack of hair. It is often fatal due to increased susceptibility to infections.

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Desquamation

The process of shedding dead skin cells.

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Lichenification

Inflammation and thickening of the skin, often caused by chronic scratching.

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Dermatohistopathology

The study of skin tissues under a microscope.

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Seborrhea sicca

Dry skin with white to gray scales that exfoliate, characteristic of seborrheic skin disease.

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Seborrhea oleosa

Greasy skin with brown or yellow pigment/lipids adhered to hair and skin, a type of seborrheic skin disease.

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Canine acanthosis nigricans

A type of dermatitis characterized by hyperpigmentation, alopecia, and lichenification. Commonly found in Dachshunds.

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Albinism

A condition where melanocytes are normally distributed but are defective in function, resulting in reduced melanin production.

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Dermatitis

A non-specific inflammatory response affecting both the epidermis and dermis of the skin.

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Acute dermatitis

A stage of dermatitis characterized by vesicles, pustules, erythema, edema, and exudation.

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Subacute dermatitis

A stage of dermatitis characterized by erythema, edema, exudation, crusts, and mild to moderate vesiculation.

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Chronic dermatitis

A stage of dermatitis characterized by mild erythema, scaling, crusts, lichenification, and pigmentary disturbances.

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Hypotrichosis Congenita

A congenital disorder where there is a partial or complete absence of hair due to maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

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Familial Canine Dermatomyositis

An inherited inflammatory disease affecting both skin and muscles, causing symmetrical scarring, hair loss on the face and limbs, and muscle wasting. It typically appears in puppies around 7 weeks old.

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Primary Idiopathic Seborrhea

The most common type of seborrheic skin disease, with the cause unknown.

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Secondary Seborrhea

A type of seborrheic skin disease caused by underlying factors like hormonal imbalances, parasites, allergies, or infections.

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Seborrheic Skin Disease

A complex skin disease that involves abnormal keratinization and sebaceous gland function, leading to excessive scaling, crusting, and inflammation.

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Keratinization

The process where skin cells, especially in the outer layer, harden and become abnormally thickened.

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Superficial Perivascular Dermatitis

Inflammation of the outer layer of the skin, often characterized by redness, itching, and scaling.

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Hyperkeratosis

A buildup of dead skin cells, which can be thick and crusty.

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1st degree burn

The outermost layer of skin affected, causing cell coagulation, shrinking or fragmentation of nuclei, and significant vascular alterations with marked dermal edema and spongiosis.

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3rd degree burn

Involves both the epidermis and dermis, leading to coagulation necrosis. Connective tissue, blood vessels, and skin adnexa are affected.

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4th degree burn

Involves all layers of the skin and extends beyond the dermis into subcutaneous fascia.

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Contact irritant dermatitis

Chemical injury to the skin caused by direct contact with irritant substances.

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Chemical injury to the skin

A type of chemical skin injury caused by penetration of the stratum corneum, leading to inflammation, swelling, ulceration, and potential sloughing of the skin.

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Ergotism

A condition characterized by gangrenous necrosis of distal limbs, primarily due to ingestion of ergot-infected grains or seeds.

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Actinic radiation

A skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight or other forms of ultraviolet radiation.

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Photosensitization

A skin reaction triggered by light sensitivity, often caused by substances in plants or medications.

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Phototoxicity

Direct damage to unprotected skin caused by UV radiation, particularly UVB. This can lead to cell damage, inflammation, and even cancer.

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Actinic disease

A condition caused by sunlight, specifically UV rays, leading to skin damage.

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UVB radiation

The most damaging type of UV radiation, causing sunburn and contributing to skin cancer.

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Type I Photosensitization

Photosensitization caused by ingesting photodynamic agents from plants, medications, or other exogenous sources.

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Type II Photosensitization

Photosensitization caused by abnormal production of porphyrins, leading to pigment accumulation and sensitivity to light.

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Type III Photosensitization

Photosensitization caused by the liver's failure to eliminate phylloerythrin, a chlorophyll byproduct, leading to sensitivity to light.

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Type IV Photosensitization

Photosensitization without a known cause.

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Photosensitization after treatment with a phenothiazine anthelmintic

Photosensitization caused by medications, like those used to treat worms in animals.

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Photosensitization caused by plants

Photosensitization caused by ingested substances, such as certain plants.

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Photosensitization associated with liver disease

Photosensitization that only affects poorly haired or white areas of the animal's skin.

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Why only white areas are affected in photosensitization

The condition where white hair allows more light to reach the skin, causing photodynamic agents to become activated, leading to photosensitization.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System: Systemic Veterinary Pathology II

  • This is a lecture on the integumentary system
  • It discusses disorders and diseases of the skin.

Disorders and Diseases of Skin

  • Congenital and Hereditary:

    • Congenital lesions develop in the fetus and are present at birth (e.g., hypotrichosis).
    • Hereditary conditions are genetically transmitted but may not always manifest phenotypically during gestation or at birth (e.g., Familial canine dermatomyositis).
    • Epitheliogenesis imperfecta involves discontinuities in the stratified squamous epithelium of skin, adnexa and/or oral mucosa.
    • Potential genetic mutations with unknown pathogenesis.
    • Animals with this condition are susceptible to trauma, infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
    • Ichthyosis is an inherited cutaneous disease characterized by marked hyperkeratosis and cracked plates that resemble fish scales.
    • It results from failure of normal desquamation due to increased keratinocyte adherence.
    • Calf with ichthyosis is a congenital keratinization disorder.
    • Hypotrichosis congenita is a congenital condition resulting from maternal iodine deficiency, which causes partial or complete absence of hair.
    • Familial canine dermatomyositis is an inherited inflammatory disease of skin and muscle.
    • It is typically characterized by symmetrical inflammation, scarring, alopecia, and muscle atrophy, most commonly in the face and limbs, starting around 7 weeks of age.

  • Disorders of Keratinization:

    • Seborrheic skin disease is a chronic condition secondary to abnormalities in cornification and/or sebaceous gland function.
    • It can range from simple dandruff to severe inflammation with scaling and crusting.
    • It often involves a shift in the microbial community of the skin from non-pathogenic to pathogenic bacteria (e.g., coagulase-positive Staphylococci).
    • Primary idiopathic seborrhoea is the most common cause.
    • Secondary seborrhoea may be associated with chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalances (hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism), ectoparasites (e.g., demodex), or hypersensitivities (e.g., food allergies, sebaceous adenitis)

  • Disorders of Pigmentation:

    • Canine acanthosis nigricans is an idiopathic condition characterized by hyperpigmentation, alopecia, and lichenification.
    • Seborrhea and bacteria pyoderma are frequent complications and are primarily hereditary conditions in Dachshunds.
    • Histologically, thickened epidermis with hyperkeratosis exhibiting increased melanin pigment.
    • Albinism is a hypomelanosis condition where melanocytes are present but defective in function.
    • Affected animals have an inability to synthesize tyrosinase or failure of melanosome melanization.

  • Inflammation:

    • Dermatitis encompasses non-specific cutaneous inflammation affecting the epidermis and dermis.
    • Acute dermatitis, Subacute dermatitis, and Chronic dermatitis are varying acute, subacute, and chronic inflammatory conditions that present with variable signs including erythema, edema, exudation, scaling, crusting, and lichenification.

  • Physiochemical Diseases:

    • Physical injury (e.g., burns, abrasions, friction, pressure, temperature extremes, etc) can cause damage to the skin, resulting in various responses from epidermal necrosis to ulcers and crusts.
    • Chemical injuries can manifest due to penetration of chemicals to the skin that are enhanced by damage to the stratum corneum (e.g., acids, alkalines, solvents).
    • Initial presentations include erythema, swelling, a transient papular-vesicular stage, ulceration, sloughing, alopecia, scarring, and alterations in skin and hair pigmentation.
    • Histological findings include superficial perivascular dermatitis, either spongiotic or hyperplastic.
    • Gangrenous necrosis of distal limbs can result from ergotism due to ingestion of grain or seeds infected by Claviceps purpurea or from the ergotism that produces ergotamine causing endothelial damage, ischaemia, and necrosis of distal extremities.

  • Actinic Diseases:

    • Actinic radiation from sunlight can cause injuries.
    • Phototoxicity (sunburn) from direct radiation damage to unprotected skin (poor haircoats, damage stratum corneum, poor melanin pigmentation) and results in injury to the cell nuclei, membranes and organelles.
    • Phototoxicity can lead to organelle damage, inactivation of enzymes, mutagenesis and potentially carcinogenesis (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma , feline solar dermatosis).
    • Photosensitization is caused by photodynamic agents interacting with light inducing skin damage, including erythema, oedema, blisters, exudation, necrosis (skin dry and sloughs off), intense pruritus
    • It can be exogenous or endogenous, examples being plant ingestion, or porphyrin metabolism deficiencies.

  • Nutritional Diseases:

    • Hypovitaminosis A deficiency can lead to hyperkeratotic squamous epithelial cells and metaplasia of secretory epithelia.
    • Mineral deficiencies, such as zinc, can negatively impact wound healing and keratinization leading to defects in the skin, hair, wool, and horny appendages.

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Description

Test your knowledge on congenital lesions and hereditary disorders of the integumentary system. This quiz covers various conditions, characteristics, and complications related to skin disorders. Discover important details about ichthyosis, seborrhea, and other conditions affecting both animals and humans.

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