Integumentary Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which species is primarily affected by papillomatosis?

Dogs

Cattle (correct)

Cats

Birds

What is the main causative agent of papillomatosis in cattle?

Feline Papillomavirus

Bovine Papillomavirus (correct)

Avian Papillomavirus

Canine Papillomavirus

What clinical signs are associated with bovine papillomatosis?

Loss of hair

Severe itching

Warts on the head and neck (correct)

Rash on the abdomen

How is Bovine Papillomavirus primarily transmitted?

Through direct contact and fomites Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to an increased cancer risk in cattle associated with BPV?

Bracken fern consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of equine sarcoids?

They are characterized by smooth, raised masses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the pathogenesis of Bovine Papillomavirus?

It replicates in the nucleus of keratinocytes Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the clinical acumen of veterinarians enhanced by learning about integumentary diseases across species?

They can identify new diseases across species Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Cowpox?

It primarily affects the skin with lesions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Avian Pox?

Two distinct forms present different symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Papillomatosis?

Direct contact and fomites. Signup and view all the answers

Which virus family does Bovine Papillomavirus belong to?

Papillomaviridae. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

Vesicular lesions on the tongue and hooves. Signup and view all the answers

Equine Sarcoid is most commonly associated with which type of virus?

Bovine Papillomavirus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following control measures is specifically recommended for Cowpox?

Sanitation and rodent elimination. Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is characterized by a brick-shaped structure and can also infect humans?

Cowpox Virus. Signup and view all the answers

What are common clinical features of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)?

Ulcerating lesions and lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which breeds of cattle are reported to be more susceptible to Lumpy Skin Disease?

Jersey and Guernsey Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary control strategy for Lumpy Skin Disease?

Vaccination and vector control Signup and view all the answers

Which virus family does the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus belong to?

Picornaviridae Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of Vesicular Stomatitis?

Vesicular lesions and excessive salivation Signup and view all the answers

How is Lymphocystis Disease transmitted in fish?

Via direct contact with contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the economic impact of Lumpy Skin Disease?

Severe economic losses affecting livestock productivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reservoir for Cowpox Virus?

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

What complicates the recovery from Lumpy Skin Disease?

Prolonged convalescence similar to other diseases Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine strategy is important for controlling outbreak of diseases like LSD?

Breed-specific vaccination programs Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

High morbidity with a generally low mortality rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes is NOT a transmission method for Vesicular Stomatitis?

Airborne transmission over long distances Signup and view all the answers

How can Orf virus potentially affect humans?

Leading to lesions that are typically self-limiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of sample collection in diagnosing viral infections in animals?

To perform laboratory analysis for a causative agent Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes the biopsy results in equine sarcoids?

Dermal fibroblast proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which viral proteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids?

E5 and E6 Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in controlling papillomavirus infections like equine sarcoids?

Resistance to environmental conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the size range of viruses within the Poxviridae family?

220-450 nm Signup and view all the answers

How do poxviruses replicate within host cells?

In the cytoplasm of host cells Signup and view all the answers

What marked the eradication of smallpox in public health history?

Mass vaccination campaigns Signup and view all the answers

Which species primarily serve as reservoirs for cowpox virus?

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

What clinical signs may indicate severe cowpox in felines?

Widespread skin lesions and potential lung infections Signup and view all the answers

What forms does avian pox present in, and what is a key characteristic of the wet form?

Dry form with wart-like lesions; wet form with necrotic pseudomembranes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method of transmission for avian pox?

Mosquito bites and contact with scabs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is characterized by high morbidity but low mortality rates?

Lumpy skin disease Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is commonly associated with lumpy skin disease?

Development of cutaneous nodules Signup and view all the answers

What control measure can be effective against cowpox virus transmission?

Elimination of rodent populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of high mortality in the wet form of avian pox?

Airway obstruction due to necrotic lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical outcome associated with Bovine Papillomavirus infection in cattle?

Presence of warts on skin Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor is associated with an increased cancer risk in cattle infected with Bovine Papillomavirus?

Consumption of bracken fern Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes equine sarcoids from other skin tumors in horses?

They appear as raised, hairless masses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transmission methods is most common for Bovine Papillomavirus?

Horizontal transmission from direct contact Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective control measure to prevent the spread of Bovine Papillomavirus among cattle?

Disinfection of equipment and minimizing contact with infected animals Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the lesions caused by equine sarcoids?

They can be smooth or rough in appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of veterinarians' education is enhanced through the study of integumentary diseases across various species?

Their ability to diagnose diseases quickly and accurately Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign associated with both Bovine Papillomavirus and equine sarcoids?

Presence of lesions on the skin Signup and view all the answers

What control measure is specifically advised to manage the transmission of Avian Pox?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which viral disease presents with vesicular lesions on the tongue and hooves in cloven-hoofed animals?

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key transmission method for Cowpox Virus?

Contaminated equipment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of Bovine Papillomavirus?

Circular dsDNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What form of Cowpox infection primarily affects calves?

Skin lesions on the udder and face Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom observed in Equine Sarcoid?

Raised, hairless masses on the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which family of viruses includes Avian Pox?

Poxviridae Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended control measure for managing the spread of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)?

Quarantine and vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical finding in animals affected by Lumpy Skin Disease?

Lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which control strategy is crucial for managing outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease?

Vector control Signup and view all the answers

Which breeds of cattle are particularly susceptible to Lumpy Skin Disease?

Jersey and Guernsey Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with prolonged convalescence in Lumpy Skin Disease?

Complicated recovery similar to foot-and-mouth disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral diseases share symptoms with Foot and Mouth Disease?

Vesicular Stomatitis Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact can be expected from outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease?

Significant losses in livestock industry Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is responsible for causing Lumpy Skin Disease?

Double-stranded DNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route of Vesicular Stomatitis?

Direct contact and arthropods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is true?

Leads to severe economic implications in endemic areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing breed-specific management strategies for susceptible cattle breeds?

To effectively manage disease susceptibility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Orf in animals?

Lesions with zoonotic potential in humans Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise during the diagnosis of integumentary diseases in animals?

Inconsistent clinical signs Signup and view all the answers

Why is ongoing surveillance important in managing outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease?

To prevent economic losses in agriculture Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do the viral proteins E5 and E6 primarily promote in dermal fibroblasts?

Fibroblast proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which unique feature distinguishes the replication of poxviruses from other DNA viruses?

Replication occurs in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is a key control measure to prevent the transmission of avian pox?

Vector management through mosquito control Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is primarily linked to the transmission of cowpox virus?

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is specifically associated with the wet form of avian pox?

Necrotic pseudomembranes in the oronasal region Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason that cowpox is now rare in cattle in Europe?

Effective sanitation and control measures Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has a high morbidity but low mortality rate, particularly in cattle?

Lumpy Skin Disease Signup and view all the answers

What role do flies play in the transmission of lumpy skin disease?

Mechanical transmission of virus particles Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the disease progression in cowpox for cats?

Lesions can lead to severe systemic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of the Poxviridae family concerning its virion structure?

They can produce both enveloped and non-enveloped virions Signup and view all the answers

The presence of which lesions serves as a diagnostic indicator of cowpox infection?

Scabbed lesions Signup and view all the answers

What was an important historical achievement regarding smallpox eradication?

Eradication through mass vaccination campaigns Signup and view all the answers

What specific interaction is key in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoids caused by BPV?

Interaction of viral proteins with p53 and Rb Signup and view all the answers

What is one method highlighted for preventing contamination during outbreaks of lumpy skin disease?

Sanitizing equipment and environments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Integumentary Diseases Overview

Integumentary diseases affect the skin and associated structures in various species, including mammals, birds, and fish.
Veterinarians use their cross-species learning to diagnose and treat these diseases.

Viral Diseases Affecting the Integument

Papillomatosis is caused by Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV).
BPV infects keratinocytes and leads to epidermal hyperplasia causing warts.
BPV transmission occurs through direct contact, fomites, and breeding.
Equine sarcoids are raised, hairless masses commonly found on the head.
Equine sarcoids are associated with BPV-1 and BPV-2, which infect dermal fibroblasts.
The virus proteins E5 and E6 may interact with host cell proteins promoting fibroblast proliferation.

Poxviridae Family

Poxviridae is a family of large, complex DNA viruses, ranging in size from 220–450 nm in length and 140–260 nm in width.
The viruses possess linear double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes.
Replication occurs in the cytoplasm of host cells, which is unusual for DNA viruses.

Cowpox Virus

Cowpox primarily affects the skin, leading to lesions on the teats and udders of cows.
Cowpox virus replicates in the cytoplasm of host cells, leading to characteristic skin lesions and necrosis.
Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated equipment.

Avian Pox

Avian pox presents in two forms: dry/cutaneous and wet/diphtheritic.
The dry form is characterized by wart-like lesions on the comb, neck, face, and feet of birds.
The wet form involves necrotic pseudomembranes in the oronasal region.
Transmission occurs through mosquito bites or contact with scabs in the environment.

Lumpy Skin Disease

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is transmitted through shed skin, crusts, scabs, and flies.
Clinical signs include fever, tachypnea, eyelid edema, and nasal discharge, followed by the development of cutaneous and oral mucosa nodules.
Lumpy skin disease virus belongs to the Poxviridae family and is classified under the Capripoxvirus genus.

Key Viral Diseases in Livestock

Bovine Lumpy Skin Disease: Variants include Sheeppox and Goatpox.
Vesicular Stomatitis: Affects horses, cattle, and pigs, characterized by vesicular lesions.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals.
Orf: Causes lesions on the lips and muzzle of sheep and goats, zoonotic potential with lesions in humans.

Viral Characteristics and Pathogenesis

Rhabdoviridae: Includes Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), characterized by a bullet-shaped, enveloped structure with linear -ssRNA.
Picornaviridae: Includes FMD virus, non-enveloped with +ssRNA, known for its stability and ability to cause severe outbreaks.
Poxviridae: Includes Orf virus, a dsDNA virus that can cause zoonotic infections.

Transmission and Control Measures

Vesicular Stomatitis: Transmitted by arthropods and direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments.
FMD: Highly contagious, spread through secretions like saliva, milk, and vesicle fluid.
Orf: Spread through direct contact and contaminated feeding troughs; zoonotic transmission is possible.

Case Studies and Historical Context

UK FMD Outbreak (2001): Over 6 million livestock culled, costing approximately $13 billion.
Vesicular Stomatitis: Notable outbreaks in the US affecting livestock and leading to economic losses, particularly in the equine industry.
Orf: Zoonotic disease with lesions in humans, typically self-limiting.

Key Terms/Concepts

Integumentary System: The organ system that includes the skin and its appendages.
Papillomavirus: A family of viruses that can cause warts and lesions in various species.
Poxviridae: A family of viruses that includes those causing diseases like cowpox and avian pox.

Diseases/Conditions

Papillomatosis: A condition caused by bovine papillomavirus, characterized by warts on the skin, particularly in cattle.
Equine Sarcoid: A type of skin tumor in horses associated with bovine papillomavirus, typically appearing as raised, hairless masses.
Cowpox: A viral infection primarily affecting cattle, characterized by skin lesions and occasionally affecting humans and cats.
Avian Pox: A viral disease in birds that presents in two forms: dry and wet, causing wart-like lesions.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, characterized by fever and vesicular lesions.

Key Clinical Signs

Papillomatosis: Warts on the head and neck, particularly in calves and yearlings.
Equine Sarcoid: Raised, hairless masses on the skin, commonly around the head and ears.
Cowpox: Skin lesions on the udder and face of calves, with necrosis in epithelial cells.
Avian Pox: Wart-like lesions on the comb, neck, and face of birds, with two forms presenting different symptoms.
FMD: Vesicular lesions on the tongue and hooves, profuse salivation, and nasal discharge.

Key Transmission and Control Measures

Papillomatosis: Transmitted through direct contact and fomites; control through hygiene and avoiding contact with infected animals.
Equine Sarcoid: Transmission through contact with infected cattle; control measures include reducing contact and fly control.
Cowpox: Transmitted by rodents and contaminated equipment; control through sanitation and rodent elimination.
Avian Pox: Transmitted by mosquitoes and contact with scabs; control through vaccination and environmental management.
FMD: Transmitted through secretions and excretions; control through quarantine, vaccination, and culling infected animals.

Virus Name Family Characteristics

Bovine Papillomavirus Papillomaviridae dsDNA, circular genome, causes papillomatosis in cattle
Cowpox Virus Poxviridae dsDNA, brick-shaped, can infect humans and cats
Avian Pox Virus Poxviridae dsDNA, enveloped, affects all bird species
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Rhabdoviridae -ssRNA, causes lesions similar to FMD
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Picornaviridae +ssRNA, non-enveloped, affects cloven-hoofed animals
Orf Virus Poxviridae dsDNA, sometimes enveloped
Lymphocystis Disease Virus Non-enveloped, linear dsDNA, 186 kb
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Enveloped, linear -ssRNA
Papillomaviridae family: Non-enveloped, circular dsDNA, ~8 kb

Problem-Solving Steps

To diagnose integumentary diseases in animals, follow these steps:
- Clinical Observation: Note the clinical signs and lesions present on the animal.
- History Taking: Gather information on the animal's history, including exposure to other animals and environmental factors.
- Sample Collection: Collect samples from lesions for laboratory analysis (e.g., PCR, histopathology).
- Laboratory Testing: Perform tests to identify the causative agent (e.g., viral cultures, serology).
- Diagnosis: Analyze the results to confirm the diagnosis based on clinical signs and laboratory findings.
- Treatment Plan: Develop a treatment plan based on the diagnosis, considering control measures and potential zoonotic risks.

Introduction to Integumentary Diseases

Integumentary diseases affect the skin and associated structures, impacting various species
Veterinarians must be able to identify and diagnose skin diseases across species
Learning about integumentary diseases in various taxa allows for understanding evolutionary and pathological similarities and differences

Papillomavirus Infections

Papillomatosis is caused by Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) and affects primarily cattle, especially calves and yearlings
BPV infects keratinocytes, leading to epidermal hyperplasia and the formation of warts
Warts are typically found on the head and neck of infected animals
Transmission occurs through direct contact, fomites, and breeding
Control measures include disinfection of equipment and minimizing contact with infected animals
BPV has multiple strains that can cause various lesions, including fibropapillomas
BPV is associated with bladder cancer in certain regions
Bracken fern consumption has been linked to increased cancer risk in cattle

Equine Sarcoid

Equine Sarcoid is a skin tumor in horses caused by BPV-1 and BPV-2
Sarcoids appear as raised, hairless masses, typically found on the head, especially around the eyes and ears.
The lesions are locally aggressive but do not metastasize, however they can regrow or form new lesions.
BPV-1 and BPV-2 infect dermal fibroblasts, leading to neoplastic changes
Equine Sarcoid is not contagious as BPV replication is incomplete in sarcoid lesions
Control measures include minimizing contact with infected cattle and managing fly populations

Poxviridae Family

Poxviridae is a family of large, complex DNA viruses that infect vertebrates and invertebrates.
Poxviridae family members have a brick-shaped morphology and a linear dsDNA genome.
Poxviruses are unique in their replication occurring in the cytoplasm of host cells, which is unusual for DNA viruses.
Poxviridae members can produce both enveloped and non-enveloped virions.

Cowpox Virus

Cowpox primarily affects the skin and causes lesions on the teats and udders of cows
Cowpox lesions are characterized by cytoplasmic inclusions in infected epithelial cells
Cowpox is now rare in cattle; most cases occur in domestic cats and humans
Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated equipment
Cowpox lesions in cats can be severe, resulting in widespread skin lesions and potential lung infection

Avian Pox

Avian Pox presents in two forms: dry and wet
The dry form is characterized by wart-like lesions on the comb, neck, face, and feet of birds
The wet form involves necrotic pseudomembranes in the oronasal region
Transmission occurs through mosquito bites or contact with scabs in the environment
Mortality rates can reach 50% in severe cases, particularly in the wet form
Survivors of the dry form can fully heal

Lumpy Skin Disease

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is transmitted through shed skin, crusts, scabs, and flies
Clinical signs include fever, tachypnea, eyelid edema, and nasal discharge, followed by the development of cutaneous and oral mucosa nodules
The disease can persist for weeks, with lesions ulcerating and healing with substantial scarring
Certain breeds, such as Jersey and Guernsey, are more susceptible to LSD
Control strategies include vaccination, vector control, and biosecurity measures

Overview of Viral Diseases

Bovine Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD): Affects cattle and causes significant economic losses
Vesicular Stomatitis: Affects horses, cattle, and pigs, characterized by vesicular lesions that resemble Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, leading to severe economic impacts globally

Viral Characteristics and Pathogenesis

Rhabdoviridae: Contains Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), characterized by a bullet-shaped, enveloped structure with a linear -ssRNA genome.
Picornaviridae: Contains FMD virus, non-enveloped with +ssRNA, known for its stability and ability to cause severe outbreaks
Poxviridae: Contains Orf virus, a dsDNA virus that can cause zoonotic infections

Transmission and Control Measures

Vesicular Stomatitis: Transmitted by arthropods and direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments.
FMD: Highly contagious, spread through secretions like saliva, milk, and vesicle fluid; can persist in carriers for extended periods.
Orf: Spread through direct contact and contaminated feeding troughs.

Important Facts:

Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) Strains: BPV-1 BPV-2, BPV-3, BPV-4, BPV-5, BPV-6, BPV-8, BPV-9, BPV-10
Cowpox Virus: dsDNA, 222 kb, brick-shaped
Avian Pox Virus: Enveloped, linear dsDNA, brick-shaped
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus: Non-enveloped, +ssRNA, 8.3 kb
Orf Virus: dsDNA, sometimes enveloped
Lymphocystis Disease Virus: Non-enveloped, linear dsDNA, 186 kb
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Enveloped, linear -ssRNA
Papillomaviridae family: Non-enveloped, circular dsDNA, ~8 kb

Problem-Solving Steps

Clinical Observation: Note the clinical signs and lesions present on the animal
History Taking: Gather information on the animal’s history, including exposure to other animals and environmental factors
Sample Collection: Collect samples from lesions for laboratory analysis (e.g., PCR, histopathology)
Laboratory Testing: Perform tests to identify the causative agent (e.g., viral cultures, serology)
Diagnosis: Analyze the results to confirm the diagnosis based on clinical signs and laboratory findings
Treatment Plan: Develop a treatment plan based on the diagnosis, considering control measures and potential zoonotic risks

Key Terms

Integumentary System: The organ system made up of the skin and its appendages, serving as a protective barrier for the body
Papillomavirus: A family of viruses that cause warts and lesions in various species
Poxviridae: A family of viruses that cause diseases like cowpox and avian pox, characterized by their complex structure and ability to infect vertebrates and invertebrates

Diseases/Conditions

Papillomatosis: Condition caused by bovine papillomavirus
Equine Sarcoid: Type of skin tumor in horses
Cowpox: Viral infection that primarily affects cattle
Avian Pox: Viral disease in birds
Foot and Mouth Disease: Highly contagious viral disease affecting even-toed ungulates

Key Clinical Signs

Papillomatosis: Warts on the head and neck
Equine Sarcoid: Raised, hairless masses on the skin, common around the head and ears
Cowpox: Skin lesions on the udder and face of calves, with necrosis in epithelial cells
Avian Pox: Wart-like lesions on the comb, neck, and face of birds
FMD: Vesicular lesions on the tongue and hooves, profuse salivation, and nasal discharge

Transmission and Control Measures

Papillomatosis: Transmitted through direct contact and fomites; control through hygiene and avoiding contact with infected animals
Equine Sarcoid: Transmission through contact with infected cattle; control measures include reducing contact and fly control.
Cowpox: Transmitted by rodents and contaminated equipment; control through sanitation and rodent elimination.
Avian Pox: Transmitted by mosquitoes and contact with scabs; control through vaccination and environmental management
FMD: Transmitted through secretions and excretions; control through quarantine, vaccination, and culling infected animals

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of integumentary diseases affecting various species, including the impact of viral infections such as Bovine Papillomavirus and Equine Sarcoids. Additionally, it explores the characteristics of the Poxviridae family of viruses. Test your knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment methods used by veterinarians.