Geography November exam P2 (Hard)
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Questions and Answers

What advantage does GIS offer in determining the optimal locations for new developments?

  • Lack of environmental impact evaluation
  • Static and unchanging tool
  • Limited data integration
  • Tailored and specific information (correct)

In what way does digital information enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

  • Decreased data storage capacity
  • Enables greater quantities of information (correct)
  • Reduction in precision
  • Limited accessibility

Which characteristic best describes orthophoto maps?

  • Bird's-eye view capture
  • Images with lens distortion
  • Blurred aerial images
  • Uniform scale across the image (correct)

What distinguishes a vertical aerial photograph from an oblique one?

<p>Camera axis nearly perpendicular to the ground (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS address environmental issues like pollution?

<p>By evaluating the impacts of phenomena (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision and reliability important in fields like engineering and science?

<p>To facilitate complex analyses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of digital images obtained by sensors mounted on satellites?

<p>'Bird's-eye' view capture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ease of sharing digital data across various platforms essential?

<p>'Facilitates interoperability and collaborative work' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aerial photograph shows both the ground surface and the horizon?

<p>High Oblique Aerial Photograph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dynamic and evolving technology enable GIS to be for changing needs?

<p>A tool enhanced by new data and technology advancements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

<p>To analyze geographical data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS store data?

<p>In digital format (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of user input in GIS?

<p>Users can upload highly detailed and varied information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector(s) can benefit from the application of GIS technology?

<p>Government, urban planning, environmental management, and more (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is involved in the development of GIS software?

<p>Programmers, geographers, and other specialists understanding geographic information needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major role does GIS play in various organizations?

<p>Planning and decision-making tool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be determined during the 'Preliminary Research' stage of fieldwork?

<p>The necessary background information and scope of the topic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of 'Engaging with Stakeholders/Local Environment'?

<p>Deciding who will provide the needed information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is NOT recommended for data collection during fieldwork?

<p>Binoculars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential during 'Time Management and Planning' in fieldwork?

<p>Organizing the timeline and managing different phases efficiently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done during 'Data Analysis' in fieldwork?

<p>Classify collected data into categories like fact, opinion, consensus, and notable contrasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important part of 'Recording and Reporting Your Findings'?

<p>Recording findings according to identified themes and sub-themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an atlas?

<p>Provide detailed geographic information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage associated with traditional maps according to the text?

<p>Update costs related to maintaining current maps. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map would be ideal for someone interested in climate patterns and rainfall distribution?

<p>Thematic map (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of keys (legends) help with in atlases?

<p>Interpreting symbols and color codes used in the maps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a relief map?

<p>Illustrate physical landscapes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for accurate navigation using a map?

<p>Describing directions using a compass. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for accurate direction finding on a map?

<p>Aligning the compass with true north. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one describe the location of a place using coordinates?

<p>By indicating latitude and longitude intersections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using a compass, what do cardinal points refer to?

<p>North, South, East, and West directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the future hold for the use of atlases as mentioned in the text?

<p>Decrease in use with advancements in digital mapping technologies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of orthophoto maps?

<p>Combining the visual detail of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does geo-referencing involve in integrating aerial photographic images into GIS?

<p>Aligning images with geographical locations on earth using GPS and survey techniques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Essential for creating topographic maps with historical perspective of geographic changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which development has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>Use of digital mapping cameras since 2008 for automatic scale correction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of orthophoto maps compared to vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Require scanning and digitization for GIS integration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images easily integrated into GIS?

<p>Detailed digital images captured across various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with recent full-color orthophotos?

<p>Recent full-color images are challenging to obtain for public and professional use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of map projections?

<p>To represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map projections, what is the purpose of conserving 'direction'?

<p>To accurately depict the directions between locations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map projection is known for accurately showing angles and directions but distorting shapes and distances near the poles?

<p><strong>Mercator Projection (1569)</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bearing in terms of map measurements?

<p><strong>The measurement of the direction of one location from another</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnetic declination on a map related to?

<p><strong>Changes in the angle between magnetic north and true north</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can contours on a map help in understanding topography?

<p><strong>Contours connect points of equal elevation</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours on a map typically indicate?

<p><strong>Steep slopes</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do line scales on maps allow for?

<p><strong>Direct reading of distances on the map without calculations</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting fieldwork in geography, which step does 'F: Finding a Topic' refer to?

<p><strong>Identifying a current, relevant, and interesting issue affecting the local community or environment</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'FIELDWORK' mnemonic is used for which geographical process?

<p><strong>Direct data collection in the natural environment</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of user input in GIS?

<p>To upload specific data tailored to particular needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS support decision-making and planning?

<p>By being used as a planning and decision-making tool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector can benefit the LEAST from the application of GIS technology?

<p>Private users (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of software development for GIS?

<p>Collaborative effort among programmers, geographers, and other specialists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is GIS considered versatile in its applications?

<p>For its use across diverse fields like government, industries, and urban planning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates GIS data storage from traditional map formats?

<p>GIS stores data digitally for accessibility and manipulation via computers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aerial photograph shows only the ground surface without the horizon?

<p>High Oblique Aerial Photograph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image type combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map?

<p>Orthophoto Map (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of digital formats in data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>Enhanced data analysis efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the precision and reliability of digital information primarily support in fields like engineering and science?

<p>Accurate data processing (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to satellite images compared to aerial photographs?

<p>Data collected in various wavelengths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for accurate depiction of spatial relationships between features in aerial photographic images?

<p>'Vertical' positioning of the camera axis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of oblique aerial photographs that makes objects easier to identify?

<p>Horizontal capturing angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do satellite images differ from orthophoto maps?

<p>Sensor data collection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of digital information's representation makes it crucial for data processing precision?

<p>Specific numerical coding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from aerial photographs?

<p>Geometric map qualities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of orthophoto maps?

<p>Combining visual detail with geometric qualities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes horizontal photographs?

<p>Taken with the camera pointed horizontally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of satellite images in terms of data collection?

<p>Provides detailed digital images of Earth's surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are modern developments in vertical aerial photographs considered significant?

<p>Improved film quality and automation processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with the use of orthophoto maps?

<p>Inaccurate scale accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, what key aspect enables global monitoring and real-time environmental assessments?

<p>Continuous data collection from satellites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant development that has enhanced the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>'Automation' through digital mapping cameras since 2008 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Geo-referencing' in integrating aerial images with GIS involves aligning photos with what geographical aspect?

<p>'Specific Points' on Earth using GPS and survey techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vertical aerial photographs' are essential for creating topographic maps with what key characteristic?

<p>'Historical Perspective' of geographic changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Topographic maps' primarily show detailed natural and human-made features derived from what type of photographs?

<p>'Vertical Aerial Photographs' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus of 'Theme Development' when organizing collected data?

<p>Organization around key themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of regions do cartographers strive to maintain when creating map projections?

<p>Shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which projection is known for accurately representing the global shape but distorting direction and distance?

<p>Robinson Projection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When working in a group during fieldwork, what is the significance of 'Role Allocation in Teams'?

<p>Assigning clear roles and responsibilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Data Gathering,' why is it important to decide whether the data will be quantitative or qualitative?

<p>To select the appropriate data collection tools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between magnetic north and true north known as?

<p>Magnetic Declination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours on a map typically indicate?

<p>Steep slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'Documentation' in fieldwork?

<p>Recording findings according to themes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using map scales on maps?

<p>Relate map distances to actual ground distances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'Localizing Your Investigation/Fieldwork' important during the planning phase?

<p>To ensure alignment with the local context and community engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to 'Engaging with Stakeholders/Local Environment,' why is identifying information sources crucial?

<p>To decide who will provide needed information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the steps involved in measuring an angle with a compass?

<p>Identify the reference point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Finding a Topic' in fieldwork refers to the identification of what kind of issue?

<p>Current, relevant, and interesting issues affecting the local community or environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when interpreting traditional maps according to the text?

<p>Interpreting map symbols and scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor contributes to the complexity of traditional maps as mentioned in the text?

<p>Understanding map legends and symbols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced in maintaining up-to-date traditional maps?

<p>Bearing the costs of frequent updates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for effectively using alphanumeric grids on atlas maps?

<p>Reading latitude and longitude coordinates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of a compass when used in conjunction with a map?

<p>Facilitating navigation by indicating cardinal points (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are keys (legends) crucial components in atlases?

<p>To explain the symbols and color codes used in maps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of thematic maps found in atlases?

<p>Depiction of specific types of information based on themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect to understand for effectively using local maps?

<p>Specific locations like cities or towns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do relief maps differ from political maps according to the text?

<p>Illustration of physical landscape features like mountains and rivers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of GIS in supporting various fields?

<p>Facilitating government planning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of GIS software development?

<p>Involvement of programmers and geographers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS technology benefit urban planning?

<p>By supporting infrastructure design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes GIS technology versatile in its applications?

<p>Its flexibility in handling spatial data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS technology enhances detailed data addition?

<p>User input capabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are digital formats preferred for storing geographical data?

<p>To improve data accessibility and manipulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect to consider during 'Preliminary Research' before beginning fieldwork?

<p>Understanding the topic's background and scope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Data Gathering,' what is one key factor to decide upon regarding the collected data?

<p>Deciding whether the data will be quantitative or qualitative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is engaging with local stakeholders crucial during fieldwork according to the provided information?

<p>To understand the scope of the topic better (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant part of 'Localizing Your Investigation/Fieldwork' to ensure alignment with the local context?

<p>Planning and actively engaging with the community (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of 'Working Effectively' in the field involves organizing roles and responsibilities if working in a group?

<p>Role allocation in teams with clear responsibilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays a significant role during 'Recording and Reporting Your Findings' in terms of data organization?

<p>Recording findings according to identified themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of orthophoto maps that makes them particularly useful for detailed planning and analysis?

<p>Ease of Updating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology has contributed to the automation and improved accuracy of vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Digital mapping cameras (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of satellite images over other aerial photographic methods?

<p>Global coverage for continuous data collection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage associated with vertical aerial photographs compared to orthophoto maps?

<p>Scale accuracy at the center only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do orthophoto maps differ from topographic maps in terms of functionality?

<p>Combining visual detail with geometric qualities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of satellite image data collection enables its easy integration into GIS for enhanced analysis?

<p>Global Coverage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are recent full-color orthophotos challenging to obtain for public and professional use?

<p>Accessibility issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial skill for accurate direction finding using a magnetic compass?

<p>Understanding the declination angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are keys (legends) important in atlases?

<p>To guide in using symbols and colors on the maps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using atlas maps, what does a map scale indicate?

<p>The relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For effective use of atlas maps, why is understanding map symbols important?

<p>To recognize different features or items represented on the maps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do thematic maps in atlases differ from relief maps?

<p>Thematic maps display specific information based on themes while relief maps illustrate physical landscapes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is familiarity with map scales crucial for interpreting traditional maps?

<p>To determine distances between landmarks accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does alphanumeric grids play in using atlas maps effectively?

<p>Assist in locating specific areas within the map (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Adjusting the Compass' when using a magnetic compass involves:

<p>'North' on the compass card pointing to true north (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Using Compass Points,' how are directions described from a reference point?

<p>'North' to 'East' directions and intermediate points are used for description (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS makes it a dynamic tool that evolves to meet changing needs?

<p>Customization and Specificity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes orthophoto maps from standard aerial photographs?

<p>Uniform scale across the image (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes digitized information particularly crucial for fields like data science and economics?

<p>Ease of access and manipulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision and reliability highlighted as important aspects of digital information processing?

<p>Because accuracy is paramount in certain fields (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical aerial photographs?

<p>They capture features from a horizontal viewpoint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit do satellite images offer for users in geographic information systems (GIS)?

<p>Ability to highlight different aspects of the Earth's surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps considered valuable for spatial analysis and mapping?

<p>(due to) Correction for topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low Oblique Aerial Photographs' differ from 'High Oblique Aerial Photographs' primarily in terms of what?

<p>(Perspective) angle from the vertical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interoperability' is a key advantage of digital data primarily because it:

<p>(Allows) sharing across various platforms and industries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential role does customization play in making GIS effective as a tool for spatial analysis?

<p>It tailors information to meet unique user requirements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between a Mercator Projection and a Robinson Projection?

<p>Preservation of relative landmass shapes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map projections, what is the primary goal of conserving 'direction'?

<p>Depicting the directions between locations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do closely spaced contours on a map differ from widely spaced contours?

<p>Represent steep and gentle slopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key properties that cartographers strive to maintain in map projections?

<p>Shape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring an angle with a compass according to the text?

<p>Find the direction to a target point (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using line scales on maps for distance measurement?

<p>Direct reading without calculations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contours on a map contribute to understanding an area's topography according to the text?

<p>Connecting points of equal elevation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ratios or number scales commonly used on maps for distance representation?

<p>Preserve true distances without distortion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using geographic grids on maps?

<p>Aid in accurate location pinpointing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is magnetic declination considered important for accurate navigation on maps?

<p>Accounts for variations between magnetic and true north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role in GIS software development according to the text?

<p>Understanding of geographic information needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS enhance data addition according to the text?

<p>By enabling the upload of detailed and varied information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct characteristic of vertical aerial photographs compared to oblique ones?

<p>They primarily show the ground surface without the horizon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do closely spaced contours on a map differ from widely spaced contours?

<p>They depict regions with steeper slopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the function of satellite images from aerial photographs in GIS?

<p>Satellite images offer real-time data updates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS technology benefit urban planning according to the information provided?

<p>By supporting land planners in decision-making processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of orthophoto maps discussed in the text?

<p>Ease of updating for dynamic planning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vertical aerial photographs from horizontal photographs?

<p>Captured directly overhead from aircraft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images considered beneficial for GIS integration?

<p>Global coverage enabling real-time environmental assessments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of GIS integration, what is a key disadvantage associated with vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Require scanning and digitization for GIS use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ground surveying play in integrating aerial photographic images into GIS?

<p>Precise measurement of distances between points (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>Digital mapping cameras allowing scale correction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is limited availability an issue with orthophoto maps according to the text?

<p>'Not yet available for all regions,' hindering comprehensive analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates horizontal photographs from vertical aerial photographs?

<p>'Captured with the camera pointed directly horizontally' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a legend (key) in an atlas?

<p>To explain the symbols and color codes used in maps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining up-to-date maps considered costly?

<p>Involves frequent revision of geographic information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes thematic maps from political maps in an atlas?

<p>Using colors and symbols based on themes like climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are alphanumeric grids beneficial on atlas maps?

<p>To help pinpoint specific locations on the map (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is fundamental for accurate navigation using a map?

<p>Describing directions with a compass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map would be ideal for someone interested in topographical details like elevation?

<p>Relief Maps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do regional maps differ from local maps?

<p>Regional maps cover specific parts of a country, while local maps detail smaller areas like cities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Describing Position with Coordinates,' what does latitude indicate?

<p>Distance north or south of the Equator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Theme Development' in organizing data typically focuses on which aspect?

<p><strong>Natural resources and vegetation</strong> distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Map Grids' on atlas maps aid in which of the following?

<p><strong>Pinpointing locations</strong> precisely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative data gathering in fieldwork?

<p>Quantitative data involves measurements like counting, while qualitative data focuses on perspectives and opinions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aligning fieldwork with the local context important?

<p>To enhance understanding of the community and ensure relevance of the research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of organizing roles and responsibilities in a group during fieldwork?

<p>To ensure coordination, clarity, and efficiency in completing tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity falls under 'Preliminary Research' before starting fieldwork?

<p>Determining necessary background information and understanding the topic scope. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is classifying collected data into categories such as fact, opinion, consensus, and notable contrasts important?

<p>To simplify the data analysis process and enhance theme development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, why is preparing a concise report in an accepted format crucial?

<p>To ensure objective evaluation of the collected data is effectively communicated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of orthophoto maps over traditional aerial photographs?

<p>They correct for topographic relief and distortion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes a high oblique aerial photograph from a low oblique one?

<p>Shows a tilted camera angle of approximately 60° from the vertical (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images particularly useful in environmental studies?

<p>They can collect data in various electromagnetic wavelengths (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does digital information enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>It enables the storage and processing of larger quantities of data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that makes vertical aerial photographs essential for accurate spatial representation?

<p>They ensure spatial relationships between features are accurately depicted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does customization play in making GIS a powerful tool in spatial analysis?

<p>It tailors and provides specific information for unique user needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interoperability' in the context of digital data refers to its ability to:

<p>Be easily shared and integrated across various platforms and industries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Precision and Reliability' in digital information processing is particularly crucial for maintaining:

<p>Consistent quality in displayed data visualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low Oblique Aerial Photographs' differ from 'High Oblique Aerial Photographs' primarily in terms of their:

<p>'Horizontal vs. vertical angle' when capturing images (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vertical Aerial Photographs' are crucial for depicting spatial relationships accurately due to their:

<p>'Near-perpendicular camera axis' to the ground position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of regions do map projections aim to maintain as much as possible?

<p>Shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map projection is known for accurately representing angles and directions but distorting shapes and distances, particularly near the poles?

<p>Mercator Projection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Magnetic North and True North?

<p>True North is a fixed point while Magnetic North continuously shifts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are contours on a map used to represent?

<p>Points of equal elevation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are widely spaced contours on a map interpreted in terms of slope?

<p>Moderate slopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using line scales on maps?

<p>To allow direct reading of distances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, what does the mnemonic 'FIELDWORK' stand for?

<p>'Finding a Topic, Ideally Entering Local Data, Working Out Results Keenly' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Measure Bearings' in geography refers to:

<p>'Reading compass directions' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Identify Landforms' in geography often involves distinguishing between:

<p>'Convex and Concave Slopes' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do map projections distort most significantly near the poles?

<p>Shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between population distribution and population density?

<p>Population distribution refers to where people are spread, while population density measures the number of people per unit area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do mountainous regions often have low population densities?

<p>Because of challenging living conditions, rugged terrain, and often harsh climates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to low habitation in desert areas?

<p>Lack of water and resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region would be most likely to have a low population density?

<p>Tropical rainforest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does extreme weather impact population density in cold regions?

<p>It results in challenging living conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the natural increase measure in a population?

<p>The difference between birth and death rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are birth rate and death rate calculated based on the provided formulas?

<p>By multiplying total births or deaths by 1,000 and dividing by the total population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the life expectancy of a population?

<p>Healthcare quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a population pyramid, what does a wide base and narrow top signify in LEDCs?

<p>High birth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the fertility rate of a population affected according to the text?

<p>By socio-economic conditions only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be deduced from the shape and breadth of a population pyramid?

<p>Birth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can dramatically alter population figures and structures in a given region?

<p>Natural disasters and wars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural decrease' in a population occurs when:

<p>Death rate exceeds birth rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Population dynamics' primarily refer to the impact of:

<p>'Migration', wars, and natural disasters on populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor NOT mentioned as influencing death rates in a population?

<p>Access to contraception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates leading to population stabilization?

<p>Low Stationary (Stage 4) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to the 'population explosion' since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of country would be considered overpopulated based on the information provided?

<p>A country with low density but falling living standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and continued low death rates?

<p>Late Expanding (Stage 3) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant challenge presented by the world adding approximately 90 million people annually, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Depletion of natural resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of population movement involves people moving within the same country?

<p>Internal Migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Demographic Transition Model, what does a 'wide base' in a population pyramid typically indicate?

<p>High birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing the world's projected population of around 10.4 billion by 2200?

<p>'Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) experiencing rapid growth' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is not solely dependent on population density but also on:

<p>'Living standards amidst population changes' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Temporary Migration' differs from 'Permanent Migration' in that temporary migrants:

<p>'Plan to return to their home country after a period' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the destabilization of families due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Loss of income (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in regions with high HIV infection rates in Southern Africa?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province in Southern Africa experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates between 2002 and 2008?

<p>Gauteng (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of transhumance movements discussed in the text?

<p>Moving livestock between seasonal pastures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do immigrants and refugees often face hostility or discrimination according to the text?

<p>Perception of straining local resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes HIV from AIDS according to the text?

<p>Weakening of the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do push factors differ from pull factors in migration?

<p>Push factors force people to leave, while pull factors attract them to a new location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact of rural-urban migration on neglected farms?

<p>Decreased productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable challenge faced by over 13 million refugees worldwide?

<p>Hostility and discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding population movements crucial according to the text?

<p>To address challenges related to migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant role of the oceans in sustaining life on Earth?

<p>Being a major source of oxygen production through photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily drives surface ocean currents?

<p>Wind affecting the movement of water at the ocean surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents influence the climate above them?

<p>Heating the air to increase its capacity to hold water vapor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of cold ocean currents on climate?

<p>Cooling the air, resulting in drier weather patterns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Coriolis effect influence in terms of ocean currents?

<p>Horizontal deflection of water movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overfishing considered a significant problem related to oceans?

<p>It results in reduced fish stocks and imbalanced ecosystems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm oceans contribute to local economies?

<p>By supporting vibrant tourism industries along coastlines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of desalination processes applied to seawater?

<p>Producing freshwater resources in arid regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor influencing the movement of deep ocean currents?

<p>Density differences caused by salinity variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tourism and trade mentioned as interconnected economic activities related to oceans?

<p>They harness resources from warm and nutrient-rich oceans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common state of water on Earth?

<p>Rain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for cloud formation in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh water?

<p>5% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon leads to the formation of ice on water bodies like lakes and oceans?

<p>Evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the increase in child-headed households due to HIV/AIDS?

<p>Decreased life expectancy in adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV/AIDS in terms of mortality rates?

<p>50-70 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float on water according to the text?

<p>It expands and becomes more dense than water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa, as mentioned in the text?

<p>450 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are dams in South Africa essential, as discussed in the text?

<p>To provide water for urban needs and control floods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of urbanization on water resources in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Altered river flows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>To provide 6,000 liters of free water per month to every household (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does climate change impact water management in South Africa?

<p>Longer dry spells and more severe floods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of rivers and lakes in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Significant river size compared to other African rivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable water use important according to the text?

<p>To maintain water quality and conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do municipalities play in water management in South Africa?

<p>Providing and purifying water for the populace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Land Use and Human Activities' impact water availability in South Africa by:

<p>Altering river flows through urbanization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Predicted Climate Change Impacts' on South Africa include:

<p>Longer dry spells and more severe floods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary physical cause of floods as mentioned in the text?

<p>Snow melting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity is identified as a cause of increased flood severity according to the text?

<p>Deforestation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial factor do hydrographs help in understanding?

<p>River discharge over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of flood risk management strategies discussed in the text?

<p>Constructing flood defenses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does urbanization typically do to the lag time and discharge according to the text?

<p>Decrease lag time and discharge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial tool for managing floods that involves efficient forecasting and alert systems?

<p>Warning systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low-lying areas are susceptible to flooding due to what geological factor?'

<p>'Geographical relief' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge known as?'

<p>'Lag time' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Which human activity can lead to downstream flooding due to faulty dams?'

<p>'Poor water management' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a census as mentioned in the text?

<p>To collect demographic information about everyone in a country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low population densities in mountainous regions according to the text?

<p>Harsh climate and rugged terrain making living conditions challenging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do densely forested tropical regions tend to have low population densities according to the text?

<p>Inaccessibility and harsh living conditions deterring dense human settlement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes cold regions that contribute to low population densities?

<p>Extreme weather conditions making survival difficult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lack of water and resources impact habitation in desert areas according to the text?

<p>Contributes to low habitation due to harsh climate and scarcity of essential resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does population density measure as mentioned in the text?

<p>The number of people living per unit area like square kilometers or square miles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of collecting data on age, sex, ethnic group, religious belief, and occupation during a census?

<p>To predict future needs like schooling and healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the death rate calculated based on the provided formulas?

<p>Total deaths multiplied by 1,000 and divided by total population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence the fertility rate of a population according to the text?

<p>Life expectancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly affects life expectancy in a population?

<p>Access to education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of a population pyramid, what does a wide base and narrow top primarily indicate?

<p>High birth rates and low life expectancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key information provided by population pyramids about a population's structure?

<p>Age and gender distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the natural increase measure in a population?

<p>Difference between birth rate and death rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do MEDCs typically differ from LEDCs in terms of population pyramids?

<p>'LEDCs have more uniform age distributions' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural decrease' in a population occurs when:

<p>'Death rate exceeds the fertility rate' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Rate of natural increase' is calculated using which formula according to the text?

<p>(Birth Rate - Death Rate) * 1000 / Total Population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between voluntary and forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration involves movement for better opportunities, while forced migration is involuntary due to unfavorable conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pull factor for migration according to the text?

<p>Favorable climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do rural areas face a cycle of poverty due to rural-urban migration?

<p>Neglected farms and decreased productivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves people relocating permanently influenced by economic opportunities?

<p>Permanent movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do immigrants and refugees often face according to the text?

<p>Perception of strain on local resources and job competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HIV represent in the context of AIDS?

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Southern Africa experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates according to the text?

<p>Gauteng (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason attributed to the significant growth in the global population since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Demographic Transition Model, which stage is characterized by low birth and death rates leading to population stabilization?

<p>Stage 4 – Low Stationary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do wide bases on population pyramids, as seen in the 'Expanding' stage, typically indicate?

<p>High birth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion determines if a country is considered overpopulated or not according to the text?

<p>Both population density and economic system sustainability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of living standards, why is Singapore mentioned in the text as an example of successful family planning?

<p>Rising living standards despite high density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population movement involves migrants settling in the new location indefinitely?

<p>Immigration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is determined based on:

<p>'Population density increase' and 'Living standards decrease' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Late Expanding' stage in the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by:

<p>Urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and low death rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Stationary' population structures, as seen in Stages 3-4 of the Demographic Transition Model, are characterized by:

<p>'Narrow base as birth rates decline' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do warm ocean currents play in influencing climate patterns?

<p>Heating the air, increasing its water vapor capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily drives surface ocean currents?

<p>Wind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental threat posed by overfishing?

<p>Decreased marine biodiversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is commonly used to provide fresh water from seawater?

<p>Desalination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a detrimental effect of ocean pollution on marine life?

<p>Devastating effects on marine life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Coriolis effect impact ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Causes deflection to the left (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen production in the oceans?

<p>Algae and plankton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic activity significantly depends on nutrient-rich cold waters like those in the Benguela current?

<p>Fishing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents contribute to local economies?

<p>Influencing trade and economic activities positively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by desalination processes?

<p>Harmful effects on marine life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS according to the text?

<p>30-39 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in child-headed households due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Imbalance in infection rates between men and women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main impact of HIV/AIDS on the economically active population according to the text?

<p>Increased mortality rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the hydrological cycle involves cloud formation and the development of precipitation?

<p>Condensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fresh water is held in icecaps and glaciers according to the text?

<p>68.7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa, compared to the global average?

<p>About 450 mm, significantly lower than the global average (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with dams in South Africa?

<p>They can lead to flooding and disruptions in traditional living areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of urbanization on water resources?

<p>Increased runoff due to reduced infiltration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to water pollution in South Africa's water bodies?

<p>Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in implementing the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>Logistical and financial constraints in rapidly urbanizing areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams impact ecosystems and biodiversity in South Africa?

<p>They lead to flooding and disruptions in ecosystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of dams in South Africa?

<p>Providing water for urban needs, irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams contribute to climate change impacts?

<p>They increase the frequency and severity of floods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of municipalities' role in South Africa's water management?

<p>Responsibility for buying, purifying, and distributing water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes sustainable water use challenging in South Africa?

<p>Increasing wastage and pollution demanding extensive treatment efforts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What human activities can exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods according to the text?

<p>Enhancing surface runoff through deforestation and poor farming practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to significant coastal flooding as described in the text?

<p>Strong onshore winds combined with high tides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge influencing flood potential?

<p>Lag time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of flood hydrographs as per the text?

<p>Showing river discharge changes over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for understanding river discharge over time according to the text?

<p><strong>Use of hydrographs</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of flood management strategies described in the text?

<p><strong>Heavy reliance on nature-based solutions</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Distribution' refer to?

<p>How people are spread across the Earth's surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of region are extreme weather conditions a key factor contributing to low population densities?

<p>Cold Regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low habitation in Desert Areas?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water and resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Census?

<p>Collecting demographic information about every person in a country (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of region typically experiences challenges related to accessibility and harsh living conditions?

<p>Densely Forested Tropical Regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Density' measure?

<p>The number of people living per unit area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the 'population explosion' as mentioned in the text?

<p>Advancements in medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates?

<p>Stage 3 – Late Expanding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population pyramids, a 'Declining' population structure (Stage 5) is demonstrated by which of the following characteristics?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country, despite having high population density, is not considered overpopulated due to rising living standards?

<p>Netherlands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion determines whether a country is considered overpopulated according to the text?

<p>Economic system sustainability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population movement involves the movement of people within the same country?

<p>Internal Migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Temporary' international migration differs from 'Permanent' international migration in terms of:

<p>Settlement intentions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is not solely dependent on population density but also on:

<p>'Economic system sustainability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Early Expanding' stage in the Demographic Transition Model is primarily characterized by:

<p>'Rapid population growth' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action has Singapore successfully implemented to control its population growth according to the text?

<p>Successful family planning measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a population does 'natural decrease' refer to?

<p>The decline in population due to higher death rates than birth rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing life expectancy in a population?

<p>Access to contraception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'fertility rate' of a population calculated according to the text?

<p>By dividing the total population by the number of children expected per woman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric helps in understanding the growth potential of a population?

<p>Fertility Rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of country would you expect a population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top?

<p>Less Economically Developed Country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural Increase' in population occurs when:

<p>Birth rate exceeds death rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Population Dynamics' primarily involve:

<p>'Migration', wars, and natural disasters effect on population figures and structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Life Expectancy' is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>'Fertility Rate' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Males are typically shown on the left, and females on the right' refers to:

<p>'Population Pyramids' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Rate of natural increase' is calculated by:

<p>'Death Rate' minus 'Birth Rate', multiplied by 1000 and divided by total population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes migration influenced by personal choice?

<p>Voluntary migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a 'pull factor' for migration?

<p>Better employment opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of rural-urban migration, what issue arises when economically active individuals move, leaving dependents behind?

<p>Neglected farms and economic decline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for temporary movements of people?

<p>Regular travel between home and work (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the movement of livestock between seasonal pastures?

<p>Seasonal movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do immigrants and refugees commonly face based on the perception of competition for resources?

<p>Hostility or discrimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus leads to the condition known as AIDS by weakening the immune system?

<p>HIV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in regions with high HIV infection rates like Malawi and Botswana?

<p>HIV/AIDS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates from 2002 to 2008 according to the text?

<p>Gauteng (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does HIV/AIDS have on the agriculture sector, contributing to economic challenges?

<p>Significant losses in productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of drier conditions influenced by cold ocean currents?

<p>Temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes water to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Earth's Rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ocean currents support marine biodiversity and ecosystems?

<p>By regulating water temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy resource obtained from beneath the ocean floor?

<p>Oil and gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents impact climate in north-western Europe?

<p>By increasing capacity to hold water vapor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common economic activity facilitated by nutrient-rich cold waters in ocean currents?

<p>Fishing industries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overfishing considered a significant problem related to oceans?

<p>It results in reduced fish stocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aquaculture, mentioned in the text, refers to:

<p><strong>Fish farming</strong> practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the movement of deep ocean currents according to the text?

<p>Colder water density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental issue discussed in relation to ocean pollution?

<p>Waste dumping (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process releases water vapor into the air in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Evapotranspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS?

<p>20-49 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface?

<p>Liquid Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Precipitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines ice in its solid state compared to liquid water?

<p>Less dense and floats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main impact of higher infection rates in women than men due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Rise in child-headed households (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Water Vapor' condenses into clouds due to what process?

<p>Condensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by South Africa due to its semi-arid nature?

<p>Limited availability of large lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the impact of dams on ecosystems, biodiversity, and water quality?

<p>Increased runoff and stream flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the actual implementation of South Africa's Free Basic Water policy challenging?

<p>Financial and logistical constraints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urbanization affect water availability in South Africa?

<p>Reduces infiltration and increases runoff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy for sustainable water use mentioned in the text?

<p>Recycling water and reducing wastage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do predicted climate change impacts affect runoff in South Africa?

<p>Varying effects on runoff levels in different regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major role do municipalities play in the context of water management in South Africa?

<p>Managing local water resources and ensuring quality supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do dams have an impact on settlements and ecosystems according to the text?

<p>By influencing river flows and water quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of South African rivers compared to other major African rivers?

<p>Relatively smaller size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do major water infrastructure projects in South Africa contribute to water availability?

<p>Through projects like dams and inter-basin water transfers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor that can lead to coastal flooding?

<p>Snow melting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urbanization affect lag time and discharge in hydrographs?

<p>Urbanization increases discharge and reduces lag time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant human cause of flooding related to water management?

<p>Dam faults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are hydrographs important for understanding river discharge?

<p>To display changes in river discharge over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of flood risk management strategies?

<p>Establishing early warning systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In flood management, what does constructing barriers and levees aim to prevent?

<p>River overflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation contribute to the severity of floods?

<p>It enhances surface runoff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity adds to the vulnerability of low-lying areas to flooding?

<p>Deforestation and poor farming practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing early warning systems in flood-prone areas?

<p>To allow for timely evacuation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the low population density in mountainous regions?

<p>Rugged terrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do densely forested tropical regions have low population densities?

<p>Inaccessibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for low population densities in cold regions?

<p>Harsh climate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do desert areas contribute to low habitation?

<p>Harsh climate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging for people to live comfortably in sparsely populated regions?

<p>Lack of resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population distribution, which factor plays a significant role in determining population density?

<p>Geographical factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between voluntary migration and forced migration?

<p>The reasons driving the migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to rural-urban migration?

<p>Enhanced educational opportunities in rural areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding attitudes towards refugees and immigrants?

<p>They are perceived as taking away local jobs and straining resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do seasonal movements like transhumance differ from permanent movements mentioned in the text?

<p>Duration of the movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does HIV have on the immune system, leading to AIDS?

<p>It weakens the immune system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common social effect of HIV and AIDS mentioned in the text?

<p>Destabilization of families (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Southern Africa has experienced the lowest HIV infection rates?

<p>Western Cape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Pull factors' for migration typically include all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>'Push' factors like wars and conflicts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Closely spaced contours on a map' are commonly associated with:

<p>Flat terrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common reason for urbanization from rural areas?

<p>Desire to be with family and friends in rural areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary factors contributing to the global population explosion since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the Demographic Transition Model does urbanization lead to decreased birth rates while low death rates continue?

<p>Stage 3 – Late Expanding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a population structure in the 'Declining' stage of the Demographic Transition Model?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is cited as not being overpopulated despite high population density?

<p>Netherlands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for determining if a country is considered overpopulated?

<p>Decrease in living standards due to population growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates resulting in population stabilization?

<p>Stage 4 – Low Stationary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is determined not only by population density but also by its impact on:

<p>Economic system sustainability and living standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Stage 5 – Declining' in the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by:

<p>Low birth and high death rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key trend regarding Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) in terms of global population growth?

<p>Experiencing about 95% of global population growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the projection suggest about the potential global population by 2200 according to the text?

<p>It will stabilize around 10.4 billion people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the birth rate measure in a population?

<p>Number of live births per 1,000 people per year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence fertility rates in a population?

<p>Healthcare quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the death rate calculated in a population based on the provided formulas?

<p>Total deaths divided by total population multiplied by 1,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'Stage 5' population structure typically indicate?

<p>Declining population and aging population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rate of natural increase reflect in a population?

<p>Difference between birth and death rates per 100 people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key metric used to understand the growth potential of a population?

<p>Fertility Rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences life expectancy in a population?

<p>General health and longevity insights (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime measure?

<p>'Fertility Rate' in a population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure provides insights into the general health and longevity of a population?

<p>'Death Rate' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are warm ocean currents crucial for local economies?

<p>They support diverse marine ecosystems and fishing industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of overfishing on marine biodiversity?

<p>Destruction of vital habitats for fish species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Coriolis effect influence ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Causes water to move to the left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to shaping global shipping routes based on the text?

<p>Ocean currents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of desalination processes according to the content?

<p>To provide fresh water from seawater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a significant role in sustaining life on Earth as mentioned in the text?

<p><strong>Ocean currents</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What threatens marine biodiversity and necessitates initiatives like SASSI for sustainable seafood?

<p><strong>Overfishing</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renewable energy resources from oceans do NOT include:

<p><strong>Oil and gas extraction</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major ocean currents influence climate patterns by:

<p><strong>Heating the air above them</strong> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gravity affects ocean currents mainly by:

<p><strong>Influencing vertical circulation of water</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the higher infection rates of HIV and AIDS in women compared to men?

<p>Biological factors such as hormonal differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of ice distinguishes it from liquid water?

<p>Expansion upon freezing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of Earth's fresh water held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for cloud formation in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Condensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of the hydrological cycle on Earth?

<p>Solar energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS, impacting economic productivity?

<p>20-49 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for coastal flooding according to the text?

<p>Onshore winds and high tides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does urbanization typically have on lag time and discharge in flood management?

<p>Urbanization shortens lag time and increases discharge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hydrographs in understanding river discharge patterns over time?

<p>Display of river discharge changes during storm events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do early warning systems aid in flood management strategies?

<p>They educate communities about flood risks and trigger evacuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is preserving wetlands considered an important strategy in urban flood management?

<p>To manage water flow and enhance infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of efficient forecasting systems in flood risk management?

<p>To provide timely alerts to residents about impending floods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does debris accumulation pose a risk for flooding according to the text?

<p>It obstructs water flow, causing rivers to overflow onto adjacent lands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Developing land-use policies that limit development in known flood-prone areas' is an example of what type of flood management strategy?

<p>'Policy development' initiative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Construction of barriers and levees to prevent overflow' falls under which aspect of flood risk management?

<p>'Flood Risk Management' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Decrease in water-borne diseases like cholera due to stagnant water' is an example of what kind of flood management strategy?

<p>'Impact on Society' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by climate change to water management in South Africa?

<p>Longer dry spells in certain areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dams in South Africa?

<p>Providing water for urban needs and hydroelectric power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to water pollution in South Africa?

<p>Pollution from fertilizers and pesticides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of rivers in South Africa compared to other major African rivers?

<p>South African rivers are generally smaller in size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the implementation of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy challenging?

<p>Logistical and financial constraints, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of dams on settlements and ecosystems according to the text?

<p>Disruptions in traditional living areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor affecting water availability and quality in South Africa?

<p>Fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of municipalities in South Africa regarding water?

<p>Buying, purifying, and distributing water to the populace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy mentioned for sustainable water use in the text?

<p>Recycling water and reducing wastage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do urbanization and human activities impact water availability according to the text?

<p>Urbanization reduces infiltration and increases polluted runoff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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