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Geography November exam P2 (Hard)

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What advantage does GIS offer in determining the optimal locations for new developments?

Tailored and specific information

In what way does digital information enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

Enables greater quantities of information

Which characteristic best describes orthophoto maps?

Uniform scale across the image

What distinguishes a vertical aerial photograph from an oblique one?

<p>Camera axis nearly perpendicular to the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS address environmental issues like pollution?

<p>By evaluating the impacts of phenomena</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision and reliability important in fields like engineering and science?

<p>To facilitate complex analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of digital images obtained by sensors mounted on satellites?

<p>'Bird's-eye' view capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ease of sharing digital data across various platforms essential?

<p>'Facilitates interoperability and collaborative work'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aerial photograph shows both the ground surface and the horizon?

<p>High Oblique Aerial Photograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dynamic and evolving technology enable GIS to be for changing needs?

<p>A tool enhanced by new data and technology advancements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

<p>To analyze geographical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS store data?

<p>In digital format</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of user input in GIS?

<p>Users can upload highly detailed and varied information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector(s) can benefit from the application of GIS technology?

<p>Government, urban planning, environmental management, and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is involved in the development of GIS software?

<p>Programmers, geographers, and other specialists understanding geographic information needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major role does GIS play in various organizations?

<p>Planning and decision-making tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be determined during the 'Preliminary Research' stage of fieldwork?

<p>The necessary background information and scope of the topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of 'Engaging with Stakeholders/Local Environment'?

<p>Deciding who will provide the needed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is NOT recommended for data collection during fieldwork?

<p>Binoculars</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential during 'Time Management and Planning' in fieldwork?

<p>Organizing the timeline and managing different phases efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done during 'Data Analysis' in fieldwork?

<p>Classify collected data into categories like fact, opinion, consensus, and notable contrasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important part of 'Recording and Reporting Your Findings'?

<p>Recording findings according to identified themes and sub-themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an atlas?

<p>Provide detailed geographic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage associated with traditional maps according to the text?

<p>Update costs related to maintaining current maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map would be ideal for someone interested in climate patterns and rainfall distribution?

<p>Thematic map</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the use of keys (legends) help with in atlases?

<p>Interpreting symbols and color codes used in the maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a relief map?

<p>Illustrate physical landscapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for accurate navigation using a map?

<p>Describing directions using a compass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for accurate direction finding on a map?

<p>Aligning the compass with true north.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can one describe the location of a place using coordinates?

<p>By indicating latitude and longitude intersections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using a compass, what do cardinal points refer to?

<p>North, South, East, and West directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the future hold for the use of atlases as mentioned in the text?

<p>Decrease in use with advancements in digital mapping technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of orthophoto maps?

<p>Combining the visual detail of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does geo-referencing involve in integrating aerial photographic images into GIS?

<p>Aligning images with geographical locations on earth using GPS and survey techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Essential for creating topographic maps with historical perspective of geographic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which development has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>Use of digital mapping cameras since 2008 for automatic scale correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of orthophoto maps compared to vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Require scanning and digitization for GIS integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images easily integrated into GIS?

<p>Detailed digital images captured across various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with recent full-color orthophotos?

<p>Recent full-color images are challenging to obtain for public and professional use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of map projections?

<p>To represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map projections, what is the purpose of conserving 'direction'?

<p>To accurately depict the directions between locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map projection is known for accurately showing angles and directions but distorting shapes and distances near the poles?

<p><strong>Mercator Projection (1569)</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bearing in terms of map measurements?

<p><strong>The measurement of the direction of one location from another</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the magnetic declination on a map related to?

<p><strong>Changes in the angle between magnetic north and true north</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

How can contours on a map help in understanding topography?

<p><strong>Contours connect points of equal elevation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours on a map typically indicate?

<p><strong>Steep slopes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What do line scales on maps allow for?

<p><strong>Direct reading of distances on the map without calculations</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

When conducting fieldwork in geography, which step does 'F: Finding a Topic' refer to?

<p><strong>Identifying a current, relevant, and interesting issue affecting the local community or environment</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

'FIELDWORK' mnemonic is used for which geographical process?

<p><strong>Direct data collection in the natural environment</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of user input in GIS?

<p>To upload specific data tailored to particular needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS support decision-making and planning?

<p>By being used as a planning and decision-making tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector can benefit the LEAST from the application of GIS technology?

<p>Private users</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of software development for GIS?

<p>Collaborative effort among programmers, geographers, and other specialists</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is GIS considered versatile in its applications?

<p>For its use across diverse fields like government, industries, and urban planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates GIS data storage from traditional map formats?

<p>GIS stores data digitally for accessibility and manipulation via computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of aerial photograph shows only the ground surface without the horizon?

<p>High Oblique Aerial Photograph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which image type combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map?

<p>Orthophoto Map</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of digital formats in data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>Enhanced data analysis efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the precision and reliability of digital information primarily support in fields like engineering and science?

<p>Accurate data processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is unique to satellite images compared to aerial photographs?

<p>Data collected in various wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for accurate depiction of spatial relationships between features in aerial photographic images?

<p>'Vertical' positioning of the camera axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of oblique aerial photographs that makes objects easier to identify?

<p>Horizontal capturing angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do satellite images differ from orthophoto maps?

<p>Sensor data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of digital information's representation makes it crucial for data processing precision?

<p>Specific numerical coding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from aerial photographs?

<p>Geometric map qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of orthophoto maps?

<p>Combining visual detail with geometric qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes horizontal photographs?

<p>Taken with the camera pointed horizontally</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of satellite images in terms of data collection?

<p>Provides detailed digital images of Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are modern developments in vertical aerial photographs considered significant?

<p>Improved film quality and automation processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with the use of orthophoto maps?

<p>Inaccurate scale accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In GIS, what key aspect enables global monitoring and real-time environmental assessments?

<p>Continuous data collection from satellites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant development that has enhanced the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>'Automation' through digital mapping cameras since 2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Geo-referencing' in integrating aerial images with GIS involves aligning photos with what geographical aspect?

<p>'Specific Points' on Earth using GPS and survey techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vertical aerial photographs' are essential for creating topographic maps with what key characteristic?

<p>'Historical Perspective' of geographic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Topographic maps' primarily show detailed natural and human-made features derived from what type of photographs?

<p>'Vertical Aerial Photographs'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus of 'Theme Development' when organizing collected data?

<p>Organization around key themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of regions do cartographers strive to maintain when creating map projections?

<p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which projection is known for accurately representing the global shape but distorting direction and distance?

<p>Robinson Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

When working in a group during fieldwork, what is the significance of 'Role Allocation in Teams'?

<p>Assigning clear roles and responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Data Gathering,' why is it important to decide whether the data will be quantitative or qualitative?

<p>To select the appropriate data collection tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between magnetic north and true north known as?

<p>Magnetic Declination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours on a map typically indicate?

<p>Steep slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'Documentation' in fieldwork?

<p>Recording findings according to themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using map scales on maps?

<p>Relate map distances to actual ground distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'Localizing Your Investigation/Fieldwork' important during the planning phase?

<p>To ensure alignment with the local context and community engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to 'Engaging with Stakeholders/Local Environment,' why is identifying information sources crucial?

<p>To decide who will provide needed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the steps involved in measuring an angle with a compass?

<p>Identify the reference point</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Finding a Topic' in fieldwork refers to the identification of what kind of issue?

<p>Current, relevant, and interesting issues affecting the local community or environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when interpreting traditional maps according to the text?

<p>Interpreting map symbols and scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor contributes to the complexity of traditional maps as mentioned in the text?

<p>Understanding map legends and symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced in maintaining up-to-date traditional maps?

<p>Bearing the costs of frequent updates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for effectively using alphanumeric grids on atlas maps?

<p>Reading latitude and longitude coordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of a compass when used in conjunction with a map?

<p>Facilitating navigation by indicating cardinal points</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are keys (legends) crucial components in atlases?

<p>To explain the symbols and color codes used in maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of thematic maps found in atlases?

<p>Depiction of specific types of information based on themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect to understand for effectively using local maps?

<p>Specific locations like cities or towns</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do relief maps differ from political maps according to the text?

<p>Illustration of physical landscape features like mountains and rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of GIS in supporting various fields?

<p>Facilitating government planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of GIS software development?

<p>Involvement of programmers and geographers</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS technology benefit urban planning?

<p>By supporting infrastructure design</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes GIS technology versatile in its applications?

<p>Its flexibility in handling spatial data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS technology enhances detailed data addition?

<p>User input capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are digital formats preferred for storing geographical data?

<p>To improve data accessibility and manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect to consider during 'Preliminary Research' before beginning fieldwork?

<p>Understanding the topic's background and scope</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'Data Gathering,' what is one key factor to decide upon regarding the collected data?

<p>Deciding whether the data will be quantitative or qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is engaging with local stakeholders crucial during fieldwork according to the provided information?

<p>To understand the scope of the topic better</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant part of 'Localizing Your Investigation/Fieldwork' to ensure alignment with the local context?

<p>Planning and actively engaging with the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of 'Working Effectively' in the field involves organizing roles and responsibilities if working in a group?

<p>Role allocation in teams with clear responsibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays a significant role during 'Recording and Reporting Your Findings' in terms of data organization?

<p>Recording findings according to identified themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of orthophoto maps that makes them particularly useful for detailed planning and analysis?

<p>Ease of Updating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology has contributed to the automation and improved accuracy of vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Digital mapping cameras</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of satellite images over other aerial photographic methods?

<p>Global coverage for continuous data collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage associated with vertical aerial photographs compared to orthophoto maps?

<p>Scale accuracy at the center only</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do orthophoto maps differ from topographic maps in terms of functionality?

<p>Combining visual detail with geometric qualities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of satellite image data collection enables its easy integration into GIS for enhanced analysis?

<p>Global Coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are recent full-color orthophotos challenging to obtain for public and professional use?

<p>Accessibility issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial skill for accurate direction finding using a magnetic compass?

<p>Understanding the declination angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are keys (legends) important in atlases?

<p>To guide in using symbols and colors on the maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using atlas maps, what does a map scale indicate?

<p>The relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

For effective use of atlas maps, why is understanding map symbols important?

<p>To recognize different features or items represented on the maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do thematic maps in atlases differ from relief maps?

<p>Thematic maps display specific information based on themes while relief maps illustrate physical landscapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is familiarity with map scales crucial for interpreting traditional maps?

<p>To determine distances between landmarks accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does alphanumeric grids play in using atlas maps effectively?

<p>Assist in locating specific areas within the map</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Adjusting the Compass' when using a magnetic compass involves:

<p>'North' on the compass card pointing to true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Using Compass Points,' how are directions described from a reference point?

<p>'North' to 'East' directions and intermediate points are used for description</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of GIS makes it a dynamic tool that evolves to meet changing needs?

<p>Customization and Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes orthophoto maps from standard aerial photographs?

<p>Uniform scale across the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes digitized information particularly crucial for fields like data science and economics?

<p>Ease of access and manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision and reliability highlighted as important aspects of digital information processing?

<p>Because accuracy is paramount in certain fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical aerial photographs?

<p>They capture features from a horizontal viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary benefit do satellite images offer for users in geographic information systems (GIS)?

<p>Ability to highlight different aspects of the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps considered valuable for spatial analysis and mapping?

<p>(due to) Correction for topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low Oblique Aerial Photographs' differ from 'High Oblique Aerial Photographs' primarily in terms of what?

<p>(Perspective) angle from the vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interoperability' is a key advantage of digital data primarily because it:

<p>(Allows) sharing across various platforms and industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential role does customization play in making GIS effective as a tool for spatial analysis?

<p>It tailors information to meet unique user requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between a Mercator Projection and a Robinson Projection?

<p>Preservation of relative landmass shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map projections, what is the primary goal of conserving 'direction'?

<p>Depicting the directions between locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do closely spaced contours on a map differ from widely spaced contours?

<p>Represent steep and gentle slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key properties that cartographers strive to maintain in map projections?

<p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring an angle with a compass according to the text?

<p>Find the direction to a target point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using line scales on maps for distance measurement?

<p>Direct reading without calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do contours on a map contribute to understanding an area's topography according to the text?

<p>Connecting points of equal elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ratios or number scales commonly used on maps for distance representation?

<p>Preserve true distances without distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using geographic grids on maps?

<p>Aid in accurate location pinpointing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is magnetic declination considered important for accurate navigation on maps?

<p>Accounts for variations between magnetic and true north</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role in GIS software development according to the text?

<p>Understanding of geographic information needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS enhance data addition according to the text?

<p>By enabling the upload of detailed and varied information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct characteristic of vertical aerial photographs compared to oblique ones?

<p>They primarily show the ground surface without the horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do closely spaced contours on a map differ from widely spaced contours?

<p>They depict regions with steeper slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the function of satellite images from aerial photographs in GIS?

<p>Satellite images offer real-time data updates</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS technology benefit urban planning according to the information provided?

<p>By supporting land planners in decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of orthophoto maps discussed in the text?

<p>Ease of updating for dynamic planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vertical aerial photographs from horizontal photographs?

<p>Captured directly overhead from aircraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images considered beneficial for GIS integration?

<p>Global coverage enabling real-time environmental assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of GIS integration, what is a key disadvantage associated with vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Require scanning and digitization for GIS use</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ground surveying play in integrating aerial photographic images into GIS?

<p>Precise measurement of distances between points</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>Digital mapping cameras allowing scale correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is limited availability an issue with orthophoto maps according to the text?

<p>'Not yet available for all regions,' hindering comprehensive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates horizontal photographs from vertical aerial photographs?

<p>'Captured with the camera pointed directly horizontally'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a legend (key) in an atlas?

<p>To explain the symbols and color codes used in maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining up-to-date maps considered costly?

<p>Involves frequent revision of geographic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes thematic maps from political maps in an atlas?

<p>Using colors and symbols based on themes like climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are alphanumeric grids beneficial on atlas maps?

<p>To help pinpoint specific locations on the map</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is fundamental for accurate navigation using a map?

<p>Describing directions with a compass</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map would be ideal for someone interested in topographical details like elevation?

<p>Relief Maps</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do regional maps differ from local maps?

<p>Regional maps cover specific parts of a country, while local maps detail smaller areas like cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Describing Position with Coordinates,' what does latitude indicate?

<p>Distance north or south of the Equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Theme Development' in organizing data typically focuses on which aspect?

<p><strong>Natural resources and vegetation</strong> distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Map Grids' on atlas maps aid in which of the following?

<p><strong>Pinpointing locations</strong> precisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative data gathering in fieldwork?

<p>Quantitative data involves measurements like counting, while qualitative data focuses on perspectives and opinions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aligning fieldwork with the local context important?

<p>To enhance understanding of the community and ensure relevance of the research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of organizing roles and responsibilities in a group during fieldwork?

<p>To ensure coordination, clarity, and efficiency in completing tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity falls under 'Preliminary Research' before starting fieldwork?

<p>Determining necessary background information and understanding the topic scope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is classifying collected data into categories such as fact, opinion, consensus, and notable contrasts important?

<p>To simplify the data analysis process and enhance theme development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, why is preparing a concise report in an accepted format crucial?

<p>To ensure objective evaluation of the collected data is effectively communicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of orthophoto maps over traditional aerial photographs?

<p>They correct for topographic relief and distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes a high oblique aerial photograph from a low oblique one?

<p>Shows a tilted camera angle of approximately 60° from the vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are satellite images particularly useful in environmental studies?

<p>They can collect data in various electromagnetic wavelengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does digital information enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>It enables the storage and processing of larger quantities of data</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that makes vertical aerial photographs essential for accurate spatial representation?

<p>They ensure spatial relationships between features are accurately depicted</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does customization play in making GIS a powerful tool in spatial analysis?

<p>It tailors and provides specific information for unique user needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interoperability' in the context of digital data refers to its ability to:

<p>Be easily shared and integrated across various platforms and industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Precision and Reliability' in digital information processing is particularly crucial for maintaining:

<p>Consistent quality in displayed data visualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low Oblique Aerial Photographs' differ from 'High Oblique Aerial Photographs' primarily in terms of their:

<p>'Horizontal vs. vertical angle' when capturing images</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vertical Aerial Photographs' are crucial for depicting spatial relationships accurately due to their:

<p>'Near-perpendicular camera axis' to the ground position</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of regions do map projections aim to maintain as much as possible?

<p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map projection is known for accurately representing angles and directions but distorting shapes and distances, particularly near the poles?

<p>Mercator Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Magnetic North and True North?

<p>True North is a fixed point while Magnetic North continuously shifts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are contours on a map used to represent?

<p>Points of equal elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are widely spaced contours on a map interpreted in terms of slope?

<p>Moderate slopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using line scales on maps?

<p>To allow direct reading of distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, what does the mnemonic 'FIELDWORK' stand for?

<p>'Finding a Topic, Ideally Entering Local Data, Working Out Results Keenly'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Measure Bearings' in geography refers to:

<p>'Reading compass directions'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Identify Landforms' in geography often involves distinguishing between:

<p>'Convex and Concave Slopes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do map projections distort most significantly near the poles?

<p>Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between population distribution and population density?

<p>Population distribution refers to where people are spread, while population density measures the number of people per unit area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do mountainous regions often have low population densities?

<p>Because of challenging living conditions, rugged terrain, and often harsh climates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor contributing to low habitation in desert areas?

<p>Lack of water and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region would be most likely to have a low population density?

<p>Tropical rainforest</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does extreme weather impact population density in cold regions?

<p>It results in challenging living conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the natural increase measure in a population?

<p>The difference between birth and death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are birth rate and death rate calculated based on the provided formulas?

<p>By multiplying total births or deaths by 1,000 and dividing by the total population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences the life expectancy of a population?

<p>Healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a population pyramid, what does a wide base and narrow top signify in LEDCs?

<p>High birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the fertility rate of a population affected according to the text?

<p>By socio-economic conditions only</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be deduced from the shape and breadth of a population pyramid?

<p>Birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can dramatically alter population figures and structures in a given region?

<p>Natural disasters and wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural decrease' in a population occurs when:

<p>Death rate exceeds birth rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Population dynamics' primarily refer to the impact of:

<p>'Migration', wars, and natural disasters on populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor NOT mentioned as influencing death rates in a population?

<p>Access to contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates leading to population stabilization?

<p>Low Stationary (Stage 4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to the 'population explosion' since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of country would be considered overpopulated based on the information provided?

<p>A country with low density but falling living standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and continued low death rates?

<p>Late Expanding (Stage 3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant challenge presented by the world adding approximately 90 million people annually, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Depletion of natural resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of population movement involves people moving within the same country?

<p>Internal Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Demographic Transition Model, what does a 'wide base' in a population pyramid typically indicate?

<p>High birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing the world's projected population of around 10.4 billion by 2200?

<p>'Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) experiencing rapid growth'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is not solely dependent on population density but also on:

<p>'Living standards amidst population changes'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Temporary Migration' differs from 'Permanent Migration' in that temporary migrants:

<p>'Plan to return to their home country after a period'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the destabilization of families due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Loss of income</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in regions with high HIV infection rates in Southern Africa?

<p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province in Southern Africa experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates between 2002 and 2008?

<p>Gauteng</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of transhumance movements discussed in the text?

<p>Moving livestock between seasonal pastures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do immigrants and refugees often face hostility or discrimination according to the text?

<p>Perception of straining local resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes HIV from AIDS according to the text?

<p>Weakening of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do push factors differ from pull factors in migration?

<p>Push factors force people to leave, while pull factors attract them to a new location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant impact of rural-urban migration on neglected farms?

<p>Decreased productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable challenge faced by over 13 million refugees worldwide?

<p>Hostility and discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding population movements crucial according to the text?

<p>To address challenges related to migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant role of the oceans in sustaining life on Earth?

<p>Being a major source of oxygen production through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily drives surface ocean currents?

<p>Wind affecting the movement of water at the ocean surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents influence the climate above them?

<p>Heating the air to increase its capacity to hold water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of cold ocean currents on climate?

<p>Cooling the air, resulting in drier weather patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Coriolis effect influence in terms of ocean currents?

<p>Horizontal deflection of water movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overfishing considered a significant problem related to oceans?

<p>It results in reduced fish stocks and imbalanced ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm oceans contribute to local economies?

<p>By supporting vibrant tourism industries along coastlines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of desalination processes applied to seawater?

<p>Producing freshwater resources in arid regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor influencing the movement of deep ocean currents?

<p>Density differences caused by salinity variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tourism and trade mentioned as interconnected economic activities related to oceans?

<p>They harness resources from warm and nutrient-rich oceans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common state of water on Earth?

<p>Rain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for cloud formation in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is fresh water?

<p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon leads to the formation of ice on water bodies like lakes and oceans?

<p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the increase in child-headed households due to HIV/AIDS?

<p>Decreased life expectancy in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV/AIDS in terms of mortality rates?

<p>50-70 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float on water according to the text?

<p>It expands and becomes more dense than water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa, as mentioned in the text?

<p>450 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are dams in South Africa essential, as discussed in the text?

<p>To provide water for urban needs and control floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of urbanization on water resources in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Altered river flows</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>To provide 6,000 liters of free water per month to every household</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does climate change impact water management in South Africa?

<p>Longer dry spells and more severe floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of rivers and lakes in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Significant river size compared to other African rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable water use important according to the text?

<p>To maintain water quality and conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do municipalities play in water management in South Africa?

<p>Providing and purifying water for the populace</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Land Use and Human Activities' impact water availability in South Africa by:

<p>Altering river flows through urbanization</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Predicted Climate Change Impacts' on South Africa include:

<p>Longer dry spells and more severe floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary physical cause of floods as mentioned in the text?

<p>Snow melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity is identified as a cause of increased flood severity according to the text?

<p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial factor do hydrographs help in understanding?

<p>River discharge over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of flood risk management strategies discussed in the text?

<p>Constructing flood defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does urbanization typically do to the lag time and discharge according to the text?

<p>Decrease lag time and discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial tool for managing floods that involves efficient forecasting and alert systems?

<p>Warning systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Low-lying areas are susceptible to flooding due to what geological factor?'

<p>'Geographical relief'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What is the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge known as?'

<p>'Lag time'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Which human activity can lead to downstream flooding due to faulty dams?'

<p>'Poor water management'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a census as mentioned in the text?

<p>To collect demographic information about everyone in a country</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low population densities in mountainous regions according to the text?

<p>Harsh climate and rugged terrain making living conditions challenging</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do densely forested tropical regions tend to have low population densities according to the text?

<p>Inaccessibility and harsh living conditions deterring dense human settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature characterizes cold regions that contribute to low population densities?

<p>Extreme weather conditions making survival difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lack of water and resources impact habitation in desert areas according to the text?

<p>Contributes to low habitation due to harsh climate and scarcity of essential resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does population density measure as mentioned in the text?

<p>The number of people living per unit area like square kilometers or square miles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of collecting data on age, sex, ethnic group, religious belief, and occupation during a census?

<p>To predict future needs like schooling and healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the death rate calculated based on the provided formulas?

<p>Total deaths multiplied by 1,000 and divided by total population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence the fertility rate of a population according to the text?

<p>Life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly affects life expectancy in a population?

<p>Access to education</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of a population pyramid, what does a wide base and narrow top primarily indicate?

<p>High birth rates and low life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key information provided by population pyramids about a population's structure?

<p>Age and gender distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the natural increase measure in a population?

<p>Difference between birth rate and death rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do MEDCs typically differ from LEDCs in terms of population pyramids?

<p>'LEDCs have more uniform age distributions'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural decrease' in a population occurs when:

<p>'Death rate exceeds the fertility rate'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Rate of natural increase' is calculated using which formula according to the text?

<p>(Birth Rate - Death Rate) * 1000 / Total Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between voluntary and forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration involves movement for better opportunities, while forced migration is involuntary due to unfavorable conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common pull factor for migration according to the text?

<p>Favorable climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do rural areas face a cycle of poverty due to rural-urban migration?

<p>Neglected farms and decreased productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement involves people relocating permanently influenced by economic opportunities?

<p>Permanent movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do immigrants and refugees often face according to the text?

<p>Perception of strain on local resources and job competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HIV represent in the context of AIDS?

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Southern Africa experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates according to the text?

<p>Gauteng</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason attributed to the significant growth in the global population since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Demographic Transition Model, which stage is characterized by low birth and death rates leading to population stabilization?

<p>Stage 4 – Low Stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do wide bases on population pyramids, as seen in the 'Expanding' stage, typically indicate?

<p>High birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion determines if a country is considered overpopulated or not according to the text?

<p>Both population density and economic system sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of living standards, why is Singapore mentioned in the text as an example of successful family planning?

<p>Rising living standards despite high density</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population movement involves migrants settling in the new location indefinitely?

<p>Immigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is determined based on:

<p>'Population density increase' and 'Living standards decrease'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Late Expanding' stage in the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by:

<p>Urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and low death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Stationary' population structures, as seen in Stages 3-4 of the Demographic Transition Model, are characterized by:

<p>'Narrow base as birth rates decline'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do warm ocean currents play in influencing climate patterns?

<p>Heating the air, increasing its water vapor capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily drives surface ocean currents?

<p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental threat posed by overfishing?

<p>Decreased marine biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is commonly used to provide fresh water from seawater?

<p>Desalination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a detrimental effect of ocean pollution on marine life?

<p>Devastating effects on marine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Coriolis effect impact ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Causes deflection to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen production in the oceans?

<p>Algae and plankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic activity significantly depends on nutrient-rich cold waters like those in the Benguela current?

<p>Fishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents contribute to local economies?

<p>Influencing trade and economic activities positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by desalination processes?

<p>Harmful effects on marine life</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS according to the text?

<p>30-39 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in child-headed households due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Imbalance in infection rates between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main impact of HIV/AIDS on the economically active population according to the text?

<p>Increased mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the hydrological cycle involves cloud formation and the development of precipitation?

<p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fresh water is held in icecaps and glaciers according to the text?

<p>68.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa, compared to the global average?

<p>About 450 mm, significantly lower than the global average</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge associated with dams in South Africa?

<p>They can lead to flooding and disruptions in traditional living areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of urbanization on water resources?

<p>Increased runoff due to reduced infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to water pollution in South Africa's water bodies?

<p>Fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in implementing the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>Logistical and financial constraints in rapidly urbanizing areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams impact ecosystems and biodiversity in South Africa?

<p>They lead to flooding and disruptions in ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of dams in South Africa?

<p>Providing water for urban needs, irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams contribute to climate change impacts?

<p>They increase the frequency and severity of floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of municipalities' role in South Africa's water management?

<p>Responsibility for buying, purifying, and distributing water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes sustainable water use challenging in South Africa?

<p>Increasing wastage and pollution demanding extensive treatment efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What human activities can exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods according to the text?

<p>Enhancing surface runoff through deforestation and poor farming practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to significant coastal flooding as described in the text?

<p>Strong onshore winds combined with high tides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge influencing flood potential?

<p>Lag time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of flood hydrographs as per the text?

<p>Showing river discharge changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for understanding river discharge over time according to the text?

<p><strong>Use of hydrographs</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of flood management strategies described in the text?

<p><strong>Heavy reliance on nature-based solutions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Distribution' refer to?

<p>How people are spread across the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of region are extreme weather conditions a key factor contributing to low population densities?

<p>Cold Regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low habitation in Desert Areas?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Census?

<p>Collecting demographic information about every person in a country</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of region typically experiences challenges related to accessibility and harsh living conditions?

<p>Densely Forested Tropical Regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Density' measure?

<p>The number of people living per unit area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the 'population explosion' as mentioned in the text?

<p>Advancements in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates?

<p>Stage 3 – Late Expanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population pyramids, a 'Declining' population structure (Stage 5) is demonstrated by which of the following characteristics?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country, despite having high population density, is not considered overpopulated due to rising living standards?

<p>Netherlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criterion determines whether a country is considered overpopulated according to the text?

<p>Economic system sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of population movement involves the movement of people within the same country?

<p>Internal Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Temporary' international migration differs from 'Permanent' international migration in terms of:

<p>Settlement intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is not solely dependent on population density but also on:

<p>'Economic system sustainability</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Early Expanding' stage in the Demographic Transition Model is primarily characterized by:

<p>'Rapid population growth'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action has Singapore successfully implemented to control its population growth according to the text?

<p>Successful family planning measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a population does 'natural decrease' refer to?

<p>The decline in population due to higher death rates than birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing life expectancy in a population?

<p>Access to contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 'fertility rate' of a population calculated according to the text?

<p>By dividing the total population by the number of children expected per woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric helps in understanding the growth potential of a population?

<p>Fertility Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of country would you expect a population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top?

<p>Less Economically Developed Country</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Natural Increase' in population occurs when:

<p>Birth rate exceeds death rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Population Dynamics' primarily involve:

<p>'Migration', wars, and natural disasters effect on population figures and structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Life Expectancy' is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>'Fertility Rate'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Males are typically shown on the left, and females on the right' refers to:

<p>'Population Pyramids'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Rate of natural increase' is calculated by:

<p>'Death Rate' minus 'Birth Rate', multiplied by 1000 and divided by total population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes migration influenced by personal choice?

<p>Voluntary migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a 'pull factor' for migration?

<p>Better employment opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of rural-urban migration, what issue arises when economically active individuals move, leaving dependents behind?

<p>Neglected farms and economic decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for temporary movements of people?

<p>Regular travel between home and work</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the movement of livestock between seasonal pastures?

<p>Seasonal movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do immigrants and refugees commonly face based on the perception of competition for resources?

<p>Hostility or discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus leads to the condition known as AIDS by weakening the immune system?

<p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in regions with high HIV infection rates like Malawi and Botswana?

<p>HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates from 2002 to 2008 according to the text?

<p>Gauteng</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does HIV/AIDS have on the agriculture sector, contributing to economic challenges?

<p>Significant losses in productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of drier conditions influenced by cold ocean currents?

<p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes water to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Earth's Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ocean currents support marine biodiversity and ecosystems?

<p>By regulating water temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary energy resource obtained from beneath the ocean floor?

<p>Oil and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents impact climate in north-western Europe?

<p>By increasing capacity to hold water vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common economic activity facilitated by nutrient-rich cold waters in ocean currents?

<p>Fishing industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is overfishing considered a significant problem related to oceans?

<p>It results in reduced fish stocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aquaculture, mentioned in the text, refers to:

<p><strong>Fish farming</strong> practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the movement of deep ocean currents according to the text?

<p>Colder water density</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental issue discussed in relation to ocean pollution?

<p>Waste dumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process releases water vapor into the air in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Evapotranspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS?

<p>20-49 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface?

<p>Liquid Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines ice in its solid state compared to liquid water?

<p>Less dense and floats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main impact of higher infection rates in women than men due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Rise in child-headed households</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Water Vapor' condenses into clouds due to what process?

<p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by South Africa due to its semi-arid nature?

<p>Limited availability of large lakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the impact of dams on ecosystems, biodiversity, and water quality?

<p>Increased runoff and stream flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the actual implementation of South Africa's Free Basic Water policy challenging?

<p>Financial and logistical constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urbanization affect water availability in South Africa?

<p>Reduces infiltration and increases runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy for sustainable water use mentioned in the text?

<p>Recycling water and reducing wastage</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do predicted climate change impacts affect runoff in South Africa?

<p>Varying effects on runoff levels in different regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major role do municipalities play in the context of water management in South Africa?

<p>Managing local water resources and ensuring quality supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do dams have an impact on settlements and ecosystems according to the text?

<p>By influencing river flows and water quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of South African rivers compared to other major African rivers?

<p>Relatively smaller size</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do major water infrastructure projects in South Africa contribute to water availability?

<p>Through projects like dams and inter-basin water transfers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor that can lead to coastal flooding?

<p>Snow melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does urbanization affect lag time and discharge in hydrographs?

<p>Urbanization increases discharge and reduces lag time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant human cause of flooding related to water management?

<p>Dam faults</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are hydrographs important for understanding river discharge?

<p>To display changes in river discharge over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of flood risk management strategies?

<p>Establishing early warning systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

In flood management, what does constructing barriers and levees aim to prevent?

<p>River overflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deforestation contribute to the severity of floods?

<p>It enhances surface runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity adds to the vulnerability of low-lying areas to flooding?

<p>Deforestation and poor farming practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of establishing early warning systems in flood-prone areas?

<p>To allow for timely evacuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the low population density in mountainous regions?

<p>Rugged terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do densely forested tropical regions have low population densities?

<p>Inaccessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for low population densities in cold regions?

<p>Harsh climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do desert areas contribute to low habitation?

<p>Harsh climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging for people to live comfortably in sparsely populated regions?

<p>Lack of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population distribution, which factor plays a significant role in determining population density?

<p>Geographical factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between voluntary migration and forced migration?

<p>The reasons driving the migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically contribute to rural-urban migration?

<p>Enhanced educational opportunities in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding attitudes towards refugees and immigrants?

<p>They are perceived as taking away local jobs and straining resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do seasonal movements like transhumance differ from permanent movements mentioned in the text?

<p>Duration of the movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does HIV have on the immune system, leading to AIDS?

<p>It weakens the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common social effect of HIV and AIDS mentioned in the text?

<p>Destabilization of families</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in Southern Africa has experienced the lowest HIV infection rates?

<p>Western Cape</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Pull factors' for migration typically include all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>'Push' factors like wars and conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Closely spaced contours on a map' are commonly associated with:

<p>Flat terrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a common reason for urbanization from rural areas?

<p>Desire to be with family and friends in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary factors contributing to the global population explosion since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the Demographic Transition Model does urbanization lead to decreased birth rates while low death rates continue?

<p>Stage 3 – Late Expanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a population structure in the 'Declining' stage of the Demographic Transition Model?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is cited as not being overpopulated despite high population density?

<p>Netherlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for determining if a country is considered overpopulated?

<p>Decrease in living standards due to population growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates resulting in population stabilization?

<p>Stage 4 – Low Stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is determined not only by population density but also by its impact on:

<p>Economic system sustainability and living standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Stage 5 – Declining' in the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by:

<p>Low birth and high death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key trend regarding Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) in terms of global population growth?

<p>Experiencing about 95% of global population growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the projection suggest about the potential global population by 2200 according to the text?

<p>It will stabilize around 10.4 billion people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the birth rate measure in a population?

<p>Number of live births per 1,000 people per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence fertility rates in a population?

<p>Healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the death rate calculated in a population based on the provided formulas?

<p>Total deaths divided by total population multiplied by 1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'Stage 5' population structure typically indicate?

<p>Declining population and aging population</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rate of natural increase reflect in a population?

<p>Difference between birth and death rates per 100 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key metric used to understand the growth potential of a population?

<p>Fertility Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences life expectancy in a population?

<p>General health and longevity insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime measure?

<p>'Fertility Rate' in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which measure provides insights into the general health and longevity of a population?

<p>'Death Rate'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are warm ocean currents crucial for local economies?

<p>They support diverse marine ecosystems and fishing industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of overfishing on marine biodiversity?

<p>Destruction of vital habitats for fish species</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Coriolis effect influence ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere?

<p>Causes water to move to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes to shaping global shipping routes based on the text?

<p>Ocean currents</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of desalination processes according to the content?

<p>To provide fresh water from seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a significant role in sustaining life on Earth as mentioned in the text?

<p><strong>Ocean currents</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What threatens marine biodiversity and necessitates initiatives like SASSI for sustainable seafood?

<p><strong>Overfishing</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

Renewable energy resources from oceans do NOT include:

<p><strong>Oil and gas extraction</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

Major ocean currents influence climate patterns by:

<p><strong>Heating the air above them</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

Gravity affects ocean currents mainly by:

<p><strong>Influencing vertical circulation of water</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the higher infection rates of HIV and AIDS in women compared to men?

<p>Biological factors such as hormonal differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of ice distinguishes it from liquid water?

<p>Expansion upon freezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of Earth's fresh water held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for cloud formation in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of the hydrological cycle on Earth?

<p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS, impacting economic productivity?

<p>20-49 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for coastal flooding according to the text?

<p>Onshore winds and high tides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does urbanization typically have on lag time and discharge in flood management?

<p>Urbanization shortens lag time and increases discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hydrographs in understanding river discharge patterns over time?

<p>Display of river discharge changes during storm events</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do early warning systems aid in flood management strategies?

<p>They educate communities about flood risks and trigger evacuations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is preserving wetlands considered an important strategy in urban flood management?

<p>To manage water flow and enhance infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of efficient forecasting systems in flood risk management?

<p>To provide timely alerts to residents about impending floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does debris accumulation pose a risk for flooding according to the text?

<p>It obstructs water flow, causing rivers to overflow onto adjacent lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Developing land-use policies that limit development in known flood-prone areas' is an example of what type of flood management strategy?

<p>'Policy development' initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Construction of barriers and levees to prevent overflow' falls under which aspect of flood risk management?

<p>'Flood Risk Management'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Decrease in water-borne diseases like cholera due to stagnant water' is an example of what kind of flood management strategy?

<p>'Impact on Society'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by climate change to water management in South Africa?

<p>Longer dry spells in certain areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of dams in South Africa?

<p>Providing water for urban needs and hydroelectric power</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to water pollution in South Africa?

<p>Pollution from fertilizers and pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of rivers in South Africa compared to other major African rivers?

<p>South African rivers are generally smaller in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the implementation of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy challenging?

<p>Logistical and financial constraints, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of dams on settlements and ecosystems according to the text?

<p>Disruptions in traditional living areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor affecting water availability and quality in South Africa?

<p>Fertilizer runoff from agricultural lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of municipalities in South Africa regarding water?

<p>Buying, purifying, and distributing water to the populace</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy mentioned for sustainable water use in the text?

<p>Recycling water and reducing wastage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do urbanization and human activities impact water availability according to the text?

<p>Urbanization reduces infiltration and increases polluted runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

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