Integrated Circuits Overview

A collection of electronic components (resistors, diodes, transistors) fabricated on a single semiconductor piece (typically silicon) called substrate.

A protective enclosure for an IC, containing pins for connections to other devices. A common type is the Dual Inline Package (DIP).

Categorization of ICs based on the number of equivalent logic gates on the substrate.

ICs with a few logic gates. Often used as interface components between more complex chips.

ICs with more complex functionality than SSI, incorporating more logic gates.

ICs with an incredibly large number of logic gates compared to SSI and MSI. These ICs increasingly fulfill complex functions.

Variations of Large-Scale Integration describing increasingly complex levels of integration.

Digital integrated circuits perform various tasks in modern systems, from simple interfacing to complex functions. Modern functions increasingly use MSI and LSI devices.

Small-scale integration; has fewer than 12 gates per chip.

Medium-scale integration; has 12-99 gates per chip.

Large-scale integration; has 100-9999 gates per chip.

Very large-scale integration; has 10,000-99,999 gates per chip.

Ultra large-scale integration; has 100,000-999,999 gates per chip.

Giga-scale integration; has 1,000,000 or more gates per chip.

A digital circuit that takes input codes and activates the corresponding output.

Decoder circuits can have active-low outputs, where the only selected output is low, and others are high.

A decoder that takes a 4-bit Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) input and produces 10 output lines, each corresponding to a specific BCD code (0000 to 1001).

A decoder that takes 3 input lines and produces 8 output lines to indicate specific combinations of input.

An output that is logic high when a specific input condition is met.

An output that is logic low when a specific input condition is met.

A decoder that translates a 4-bit BCD input into signals that light up specific segments of a seven-segment display.

A display device composed of seven segments that can be illuminated in various combinations to form different numerals.

A specific output is HIGH when a certain input combination is applied.

Transistors in a decoder circuit used to source current for LED lighting, with a low-output state.

An 8-line to 3-line encoder that takes eight input lines and converts the active LOW input into a 3-bit output code.

An encoder which prioritizes inputs, selecting the highest numbered activated input and outputs its code.

An IC that converts a prioritized decimal input to its inverted BCD code.

A 4-bit code representation of decimal digits (0 to 9).

The binary (or BCD) representation of the highest-numbered active input.

All inputs in a HIGH logic state, indicating no input is activated.

The opposite binary code representation of a decimal number(BCD).

A binary-coded decimal system where each decimal digit is represented by 4 bits, adding 3 to its actual value. It's a biased code with a balanced representation of positive and negative numbers.

A code system where the complement of a number's representation is found by simply inverting its bits. This is a property of Excess-3 encoding.

A binary code system where consecutive values differ by only one bit. This minimizes errors in electromechanical systems.

Another name for Gray code, emphasizing the way it's constructed by reflecting and combining binary sequences.

Gray code was used in altimeters to translate the movement of a bellows-driven glass disc into coded signals for the transponder.

A specific IC that prioritizes the highest active decimal input, converting it to BCD. A lower input is ignored if a higher one is active simultaneously.

A BCD representation where all bits are flipped – 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.

The 74147 can be used to convert signals from a switch (like a keyboard) to BCD for a digital system.

The process of converting a decimal number into its equivalent BCD representation.

A digital element that stores a 4-bit BCD code, holding the value from each switch press in a calculator example.

Converts a BCD code into a visible display format, such as the numerical display you see showing the entered digits.

A calculator that can handle eight digits, requiring eight 4-bit registers to store BCD representations.