carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

B-cellpancreas, Primary hormone for dec of plasma glucose

  • GLUCAGON
  • INSULIN (correct)
  • EPINEPHRINE
  • CORTISOL

    • Alpha-cellpancreas Primary hormone for inc of plasma glucose

  • INSULIN
  • CORTISOL
  • GLUCAGON (correct)
  • EPINEPHRINE

    • Adrenal medulla Released during times of physical & emotional stress; increases plasma glucose

  • CORTISOL
  • EPINEPHRINE (correct)
  • GLUCAGON
  • INSULIN

    • Adrenal cortex in response to ACTH Increases plasma glucose

    <p>CORTISOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ant. Pituitary gland

    Increases plasma glucose

    Increases plasma glucose by decreasing the entry of glucose into the cells and by increasing glycolysis

    <p>GROWTH HORMONE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid gland Increases plasma glucose

    Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose

    <p>THYROXINE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delta cellpancreas

    Increases plasma glucose

    Inhibition of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones

    <p>SOMATOSTATIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fate of ingested carbohydrate polymers?

    <p>They are converted to dextrins and disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of glucose absorption from the diet?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase?

    <p>To convert carbohydrates to dextrins and disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the hydrolysis of disaccharides by enzymes like maltase, sucrose, or lactase?

    <p>Glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can glucose be used for in the body?

    <p>Either used for energy production or stored as glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    increase glycogenesis and glycolysis: glucose - glycogen - pyruvate - acetyl coa increase lipogenesis

    <p>ACTION OF INSULIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    increase glycogenolysis: glycogen - glucose

    increase gluconeogenesis: fatty acids - acetyl coa - ketone proteins - amino acids

    <p>ACTION OF GLUCAGON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in the body?

    <p>To regulate glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of high sugar levels in the blood?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the A-cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for cells when glucose is present in the circulation?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of unabsorbed glucose in the circulation?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of epinephrine during physical and emotional stress?

    <p>Increase plasma glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cortisol on protein stores during stressful conditions?

    <p>Tapping into protein stores through 'gluconeogenesis' in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes growth hormone?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

    • Polymers of carbohydrates are ingested
    • Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase convert ingested carbohydrates to dextrins and disaccharides
    • Further hydrolysis by maltase, sucrose, or lactase in the intestine converts disaccharides to glucose and galactose
    • Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver

    Glucose Metabolism

    • Glucose can be directly used for energy
    • Glucose can be stored as glycogen

    Insulin and Glucagon

    • Insulin is a hormone produced by the B-cells of the pancreas, located in the middle portion.
    • Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, allowing cells to derive energy from glucose.
    • Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, reducing its circulation in the blood.
    • When glucose is not absorbed by cells, it accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
    • Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to Diabetes mellitus.

    Glucagon

    • Glucagon is a hormone produced by the A-cells of the pancreas, located in the side portion.
    • A-cells primarily increase plasma glucose concentrations.
    • Glucagon has an opposing effect to insulin, increasing glucose levels in the bloodstream.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Located at the top of the kidney
    • Produce epinephrine (secreted by chromatin cells in the adrenal medulla)

    Epinephrine

    • A catecholamine hormone
    • Released in response to physical and emotional stress
    • Triggers a “fight-and-flight” reaction
    • Increases plasma glucose levels

    Cortisol

    • Produced in the adrenal cortex
    • Released by spongiocytes in the zona fasciculata
    • Provides glucose to the body during stressful conditions
    • Taps into protein stores through “gluconeogenesis” in the liver

    Growth Hormone

    • Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

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    Description

    This quiz covers the role of B-cells in the pancreas, specifically in regulating plasma glucose levels by producing insulin.

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