24 Questions
B-cellpancreas, Primary hormone for dec of plasma glucose
INSULIN
Alpha-cellpancreas Primary hormone for inc of plasma glucose
GLUCAGON
Adrenal medulla Released during times of physical & emotional stress; increases plasma glucose
EPINEPHRINE
Adrenal cortex in response to ACTH Increases plasma glucose
CORTISOL
Ant. Pituitary gland
Increases plasma glucose
Increases plasma glucose by decreasing the entry of glucose into the cells and by increasing glycolysis
GROWTH HORMONE
Thyroid gland Increases plasma glucose
Increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal absorption of glucose
THYROXINE
Delta cellpancreas
Increases plasma glucose
Inhibition of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and other endocrine hormones
SOMATOSTATIN
What is the primary fate of ingested carbohydrate polymers?
They are converted to dextrins and disaccharides
What is the site of glucose absorption from the diet?
Small intestine
What is the role of salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase?
To convert carbohydrates to dextrins and disaccharides
What is the byproduct of the hydrolysis of disaccharides by enzymes like maltase, sucrose, or lactase?
Glucose and galactose
What can glucose be used for in the body?
Either used for energy production or stored as glycogen
increase glycogenesis and glycolysis: glucose - glycogen - pyruvate - acetyl coa increase lipogenesis
ACTION OF INSULIN
increase glycogenolysis: glycogen - glucose
increase gluconeogenesis: fatty acids - acetyl coa - ketone proteins - amino acids
ACTION OF GLUCAGON
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
To regulate glucose metabolism
What is the result of high sugar levels in the blood?
Hyperglycemia
Which hormone is produced by the A-cells of the pancreas?
Glucagon
What is the primary source of energy for cells when glucose is present in the circulation?
Glucose
What is the consequence of unabsorbed glucose in the circulation?
Hyperglycemia
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
What is the function of epinephrine during physical and emotional stress?
Increase plasma glucose
Which hormone is produced in the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
What is the effect of cortisol on protein stores during stressful conditions?
Tapping into protein stores through 'gluconeogenesis' in the liver
Which gland secretes growth hormone?
Pituitary gland
Study Notes
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
- Polymers of carbohydrates are ingested
- Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase convert ingested carbohydrates to dextrins and disaccharides
- Further hydrolysis by maltase, sucrose, or lactase in the intestine converts disaccharides to glucose and galactose
- Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver
Glucose Metabolism
- Glucose can be directly used for energy
- Glucose can be stored as glycogen
Insulin and Glucagon
- Insulin is a hormone produced by the B-cells of the pancreas, located in the middle portion.
- Insulin regulates glucose metabolism, allowing cells to derive energy from glucose.
- Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, reducing its circulation in the blood.
- When glucose is not absorbed by cells, it accumulates in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).
- Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to Diabetes mellitus.
Glucagon
- Glucagon is a hormone produced by the A-cells of the pancreas, located in the side portion.
- A-cells primarily increase plasma glucose concentrations.
- Glucagon has an opposing effect to insulin, increasing glucose levels in the bloodstream.
Adrenal Glands
- Located at the top of the kidney
- Produce epinephrine (secreted by chromatin cells in the adrenal medulla)
Epinephrine
- A catecholamine hormone
- Released in response to physical and emotional stress
- Triggers a “fight-and-flight” reaction
- Increases plasma glucose levels
Cortisol
- Produced in the adrenal cortex
- Released by spongiocytes in the zona fasciculata
- Provides glucose to the body during stressful conditions
- Taps into protein stores through “gluconeogenesis” in the liver
Growth Hormone
- Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
This quiz covers the role of B-cells in the pancreas, specifically in regulating plasma glucose levels by producing insulin.
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