23Insulin and Glucagon Relationship Quiz

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is secreted along with insulin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulinases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-5 minutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, excluding brain neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GLUT4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fusion of GLUT4 vesicles with the cell membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are endocytosed and recycled back into intracellular vesicles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased gluconeogenesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jejunum and kidney tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are endocytosed and then recycled back to the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bidirectional transport across cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sharp increase in blood glucose levels (2-3x above normal fasting) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce ATP, which influences potassium channel activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contribution of newly synthesized insulin to the sustained release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via autophosphorylation of the receptor's beta subunits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Downregulation of specific enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promoting lipogenesis through FA uptake and triglyceride synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone-sensitive lipase activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances protein synthesis and reduces protein breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating the breakdown of VLDL and chylomicrons via lipoprotein lipase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty acid synthesis and VLDL formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased use of stored fat for energy and risk of ketosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By inhibiting the enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose transport into these cells increases via GLUT4. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-peptide is produced in a 1:1 ratio with insulin and is retained during portal circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane depolarization due to the influx of calcium ions, culminating in exocytosis of insulin containing vesicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a glucose sensor and is stimulated by insulin and helps to determine the rate of glycolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By closing K⁺ channels, mimicking the effects of high ATP levels and inducing membrane depolarization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase cAMP, which enhances calcium influx into the beta cells, leading to an increase in insulin secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inhibit adenylate cyclase, reducing cAMP and calcium influx, which suppresses insulin release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucose entering the beta-cells through GLUT2, which promotes glycolysis and respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potassium channels become non-functional, leading to a state of constant depolarization, and therefore constant insulin secretion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes protein breakdown in muscle and liver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It inhibits lipolysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To fatty acid synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth Hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3.9–5.6 mmol/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hormone produced by beta (β) cells in the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.

A hormone produced by alpha (α) cells in the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release glucose.

A hormone produced by delta (δ) cells in the pancreas that inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon, acting as a local regulator.

A single polypeptide chain synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of beta cells, the precursor to insulin.

A shorter polypeptide chain formed after pre-proinsulin is cleaved in the ER. It's transported to the Golgi apparatus.

The process of converting proinsulin to mature insulin. This involves the formation of disulfide bonds, packaging into secretory granules, and cleavage of C-peptide.

The time it takes for insulin to be processed and released from beta cells, ranging from 30 to 120 minutes.

Enzymes found in the liver and kidneys primarily responsible for breaking down insulin, regulating blood sugar levels.

Glucose is the main trigger for insulin release. When blood glucose levels rise, it stimulates the beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin.

Insulin release occurs in two phases: the immediate phase and the delayed phase. The immediate phase is a rapid spike in insulin release triggered by a sudden rise in blood glucose, while the delayed phase is a gradual increase in insulin release that lasts over an hour, reflecting the release of both preformed insulin and newly synthesized insulin.

Insulin binds to its receptor on liver cells, triggering glucose uptake into the cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

Insulin promotes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver. This process, known as glycogenesis, helps regulate blood sugar levels by storing glucose for later use.

Insulin stimulates the breakdown of glucose for energy through a process called glycolysis. This process ensures that cells have a constant supply of energy from glucose when needed.

Insulin promotes the synthesis of fats (lipogenesis) from excess glucose, allowing for energy storage for future use.

Insulin promotes protein synthesis, building and repairing tissues, contributing to overall growth and development.

Besides glucose itself, certain gastrointestinal hormones, such as GIP, GLP-1, and CCK, also stimulate insulin release, further enhancing the response to glucose.

C-peptide is a protein produced alongside insulin in a 1:1 ratio. It has a longer half-life than insulin, making it a useful indicator of your body's natural insulin production.

C-peptide is valuable in evaluating insulin secretion in diabetes patients because it reflects the body's intrinsic insulin production.

Elevated blood glucose levels trigger the uptake of glucose into beta cells via GLUT2 transporters. This increase in glucose metabolism leads to higher ATP production.

Increased ATP levels close ATP-sensitive potassium channels, reducing potassium efflux, which causes the cell membrane to depolarize.

Depolarization of the beta cell membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium ions to flow into the cell.

Calcium influx triggers the fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the cell membrane, leading to exocytosis and the release of insulin and C-peptide into the bloodstream.

Sulfonylureas are drugs that mimic the effect of glucose by closing potassium channels, boosting insulin secretion.

Gut hormones like GIP and GLP-1 increase cAMP production, which enhances calcium influx and insulin secretion.

Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into fat (triglycerides) for storage in adipose tissues.

In the absence of insulin, the body utilizes stored fat for energy, leading to an increase in plasma free fatty acids.

Increased insulin levels stimulate the liver to convert excess glucose into fatty acids for later use, ultimately promoting the production of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein).

High insulin levels increase protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake and increasing gene transcription for protein production.

Insulin reduces protein breakdown (catabolism) by reducing the release of amino acids from muscle and other tissues, preserving them for protein synthesis.

Insulin reduces the production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) from amino acids in the liver by inhibiting key enzymes, sparing amino acids for protein synthesis.

When insulin levels are high, the liver activates glycogen synthase and promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage.

Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into muscle and adipose tissue by activating the GLUT4 transporter, increasing glucose utilization for energy.

Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue is increased by insulin, but brain neurons don't need insulin for glucose uptake.

GLUT4 is a protein transporter that helps move glucose into cells. It's stored in vesicles, and insulin triggers its movement to the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter.

When insulin is removed, GLUT4 transporters return to their storage vesicles, decreasing glucose uptake. This is like turning off the delivery service.

Liver cells use GLUT2, a different transporter, allowing glucose to enter or leave depending on the body's needs.

Insulin promotes increased glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue by activating GLUT4.

Insulin stimulates the enzyme that builds glycogen (glycogen synthase) and inhibits the enzyme that breaks down glycogen (glycogen phosphorylase) leading to glycogen storage.

Insulin increases the activity of glucokinase, an enzyme involved in glucose storage, increasing glucose storage in the liver.

Insulin helps to reduce the production of glucose in the liver by decreasing gluconeogenesis. This limits glucose output from the liver.

Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, inhibits glycogen breakdown, fat breakdown, and gluconeogenesis, while stimulating protein synthesis.

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) increase glycogen breakdown, fat breakdown, and plasma lactate levels, preparing the body for fight or flight.

Cortisol promotes protein breakdown, fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis, helping the body cope with stress.

Growth hormone promotes lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and reduces glucose uptake, contributing to glucose homeostasis.

Insulin counterregulatory hormones oppose the actions of insulin, raising blood glucose levels when needed.

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose molecules.

Lipolysis is the process of breaking down fat (triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol.

Gluconeogenesis is the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.