Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
What is the normal range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
- 7-9%
- 6-8%
- 5-7% (correct)
- 4-6%
Which medication is known to have an adverse reaction of 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction'?
Which medication is known to have an adverse reaction of 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction'?
- Thiazolidinediones
- Sulfonylureas (correct)
- Incretin Mimetics
- Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors
Which drug is to be taken at the first bite of a meal?
Which drug is to be taken at the first bite of a meal?
- Nateglinide (Starlix)
- Pioglitazone (Actos)
- Acarbose (Precose) (correct)
- Metformin (Glucophage)
Which medication is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer and has a black box warning?
Which medication is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer and has a black box warning?
Which drug has the adverse effect of increasing respiratory tract infections?
Which drug has the adverse effect of increasing respiratory tract infections?
Which medication slows the movement of food through the stomach and is indicated for adult Type 1 and 2 Diabetes that need blood sugar control?
Which medication slows the movement of food through the stomach and is indicated for adult Type 1 and 2 Diabetes that need blood sugar control?
Which drug blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidney and has adverse effects such as UTI, genital yeast infection, and hypotension?
Which drug blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidney and has adverse effects such as UTI, genital yeast infection, and hypotension?
Which medication is specifically administered subcutaneously in the abdomen or upper thigh before major meals?
Which medication is specifically administered subcutaneously in the abdomen or upper thigh before major meals?
Which medication is known to decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity?
Which medication is known to decrease insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity?
Which drug should be stored unopened in the fridge and given as a dose in mcg based on blood sugar?
Which drug should be stored unopened in the fridge and given as a dose in mcg based on blood sugar?
Which medication specifically requires checking for allergy to sulfa before use?
Which medication specifically requires checking for allergy to sulfa before use?
Which drug has an adverse effect of URTI, rhinitis, bronchitis, back pain, headache, and needs monitoring for liver profile due to hepatotoxicity?
Which drug has an adverse effect of URTI, rhinitis, bronchitis, back pain, headache, and needs monitoring for liver profile due to hepatotoxicity?
What is the function of insulin in the body?
What is the function of insulin in the body?
What is the source of human insulin?
What is the source of human insulin?
What is the classification of insulin based on its duration of action?
What is the classification of insulin based on its duration of action?
What is the role of zinc in insulin?
What is the role of zinc in insulin?
What is the recommended treatment for hypoglycemia?
What is the recommended treatment for hypoglycemia?
What are the potential signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
What are the potential signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
What is the onset of action for glucagon?
What is the onset of action for glucagon?
What are the potential causes of diabetic ketoacidosis?
What are the potential causes of diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is the assessment recommendation for blood sugar levels?
What is the assessment recommendation for blood sugar levels?
What do signs and symptoms like irritability, hot flushed skin, fruity odor to breath indicate in diabetic patients?
What do signs and symptoms like irritability, hot flushed skin, fruity odor to breath indicate in diabetic patients?
What is the function of glucagon in treating hypoglycemia?
What is the function of glucagon in treating hypoglycemia?
What is meant by 'Double check – insulin type & dose'?
What is meant by 'Double check – insulin type & dose'?
What is the function of protein in insulin?
What is the function of protein in insulin?
What does the acronym IVP stand for in the context of insulin administration?
What does the acronym IVP stand for in the context of insulin administration?
Which medication is used to treat hypoglycemia and acts by releasing glucose into the blood?
Which medication is used to treat hypoglycemia and acts by releasing glucose into the blood?
What is the recommended initial treatment for hypoglycemia?
What is the recommended initial treatment for hypoglycemia?
Which signs and symptoms indicate diabetic ketoacidosis?
Which signs and symptoms indicate diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is the main objective of insulin resistance?
What is the main objective of insulin resistance?
Which medication has a risk of allergic reaction, especially with animal insulin?
Which medication has a risk of allergic reaction, especially with animal insulin?
What is the adverse effect associated with lipodystrophy?
What is the adverse effect associated with lipodystrophy?
What is the assessment recommendation for blood sugar levels?
What is the assessment recommendation for blood sugar levels?
What does 'Double check – insulin type & dose' mean?
What does 'Double check – insulin type & dose' mean?
What is the onset of action for regular insulin?
What is the onset of action for regular insulin?
What does lipodystrophy cause at the injection site?
What does lipodystrophy cause at the injection site?
What is the recommended storage for unopened pre-filled syringes?
What is the recommended storage for unopened pre-filled syringes?
At what age can children self-administer medication according to the text?
At what age can children self-administer medication according to the text?
Which medication can cause a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction' as an adverse reaction?
Which medication can cause a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction' as an adverse reaction?
What is the normal percentage range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
What is the normal percentage range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
Which medication, when used during pregnancy, is not recommended according to the text?
Which medication, when used during pregnancy, is not recommended according to the text?
Which drug decreases insulin resistance, increases insulin sensitivity, and has a rare adverse effect of lactic acidosis?
Which drug decreases insulin resistance, increases insulin sensitivity, and has a rare adverse effect of lactic acidosis?
Which medication has the adverse effect of hypoglycemia and requires caution in individuals with liver and bowel disease?
Which medication has the adverse effect of hypoglycemia and requires caution in individuals with liver and bowel disease?
Which drug is specifically administered subcutaneously and increases insulin secretions from beta cells?
Which drug is specifically administered subcutaneously and increases insulin secretions from beta cells?
"Duetact" is a combination drug composed of which two medications?
"Duetact" is a combination drug composed of which two medications?
"Invokana", "Farxiga", and "Jardiance" are drugs that collectively belong to which class of medications?
"Invokana", "Farxiga", and "Jardiance" are drugs that collectively belong to which class of medications?
"Januvia" and "Onglyza" are drugs that specifically inhibit the breakdown of which hormones?
"Januvia" and "Onglyza" are drugs that specifically inhibit the breakdown of which hormones?
What is the action of "Pramlintide Acetate (Symlin)" according to the text?
What is the action of "Pramlintide Acetate (Symlin)" according to the text?
What is the recommended storage for opened pre-filled syringes?
What is the recommended storage for opened pre-filled syringes?
At what age is it recommended for children to self-administer medication?
At what age is it recommended for children to self-administer medication?
Which drug has the adverse effect of a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction'?
Which drug has the adverse effect of a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction'?
What is the main objective of 'Incretin Mimetics'?
What is the main objective of 'Incretin Mimetics'?
Which medication requires caution in individuals with liver and bowel disease?
Which medication requires caution in individuals with liver and bowel disease?
What is the action of 'Canagliflozin'?
What is the action of 'Canagliflozin'?
Which drug specifically inhibits the breakdown of incretin hormones?
Which drug specifically inhibits the breakdown of incretin hormones?
What is the adverse effect associated with 'Pramlintide Acetate (Symlin)'?
What is the adverse effect associated with 'Pramlintide Acetate (Symlin)'?
'Invokana', 'Farxiga', and 'Jardiance' collectively belong to which class of medications?
'Invokana', 'Farxiga', and 'Jardiance' collectively belong to which class of medications?
'Pioglitazone' is used in combination with which other drug as 'Actoplus met'?
'Pioglitazone' is used in combination with which other drug as 'Actoplus met'?
What is a potential adverse effect of Thiazolidinediones?
What is a potential adverse effect of Thiazolidinediones?
Which drug specifically delays carbohydrate digestion and absorption?
Which drug specifically delays carbohydrate digestion and absorption?
What is the role of protein in insulin?
What is the role of protein in insulin?
Which medication can cause a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction' as an adverse reaction?
Which medication can cause a 'disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction' as an adverse reaction?
At what age can children self-administer medication according to the text?
At what age can children self-administer medication according to the text?
What is the function of zinc in insulin?
What is the function of zinc in insulin?
What does lipodystrophy cause at the injection site?
What does lipodystrophy cause at the injection site?
Which drug should be stored unopened in the fridge and given as a dose in mcg based on blood sugar?
Which drug should be stored unopened in the fridge and given as a dose in mcg based on blood sugar?
What is the normal percentage range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
What is the normal percentage range for glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c)?
What is the recommended storage for unopened pre-filled syringes?
What is the recommended storage for unopened pre-filled syringes?
Study Notes
- Hormone produced by beta cells of pancreas: controls use of glucose, protein, and fat, stimulates glucose transportation, inhibits glucose release by liver
- Insulin sources: animal (beef, pork), human (synthetic/semi-synthetic: Humulin, Novolin)
- Insulin types and administration: U100/U300/U500, SQ, IVP, IV infusion, inhalation, classified as rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, long acting, mixed insulins
- Insulin properties: protein (decrease rate of absorption), zinc (modify onset and duration)
- Insulin dosage determination: HCP based on blood sugar and urine glucose levels
- Insulin frequency: rapid/short - AC & HS, intermediate - once or twice/day, long - daily (usually HS)
- Insulin coverage: AC & HS use regular insulin, 71-350 mg/dL requires increasing units
- Causes of high insulin: too much insulin/wrong type, delay/omission of food, too much exercise, illness, diarrhea, vomiting, excessive alcohol
- Signs and symptoms of high insulin: N&V, diarrhea, hunger, inability to concentrate, confusion, nervousness, anxiety, tremors, tachycardia, pale, cold and clammy skin, tired, drowsy, lethargy, coma
- Findings in high insulin: BS < 60, negative urine sugar and ketones
- Treatment for high insulin:Simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, glucagon, correct fluids and electrolytes
- Causes of low insulin: too little insulin/missed dose, unregulated or extra meals, stress, alcohol, diarrhea, infection
- Signs and symptoms of low insulin: N&V, abdominal pain, distension, anorexia, dry mouth, irritability, hot, flushed skin, fruity odor to breath, Kussmaul’s respiration
- Findings in low insulin: BS > 150, positive urine sugar and ketones, fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- Treatment for low insulin: Regular insulin, correct fluids and electrolytes
- Insulin adverse effects: hypoglycemia, allergic reaction, lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, adverse reactions to specific drugs (hypoglycemia, anorexia, N&V, heartburn, weight gain, weakness, numbness of extremities, heart and blood vessel disease, fetal abnormality, disulfiram-like reaction, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity)
- Insulin administration: 30 min before breakfast, check allergy to sulfa, long acting glipizide in stool, recognize hypoglycemia and treatment, not for use during pregnancy, stimulate insulin release from pancreas, monitor liver profile, delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reduce hepatic glucose production, increase insulin sensitivity, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin secretions from beta cells, suppress glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidney, block glucose reabsorption in the kidney, take at first bite of meal.
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Description
Test your knowledge on insulin, a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Learn about its functions in controlling the use of glucose, protein, and fat, as well as its various forms, strengths, and administration techniques.
