Insulin Actions and Diabetes Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a requirement for accurately diagnosing Type 1 diabetes?

  • Conduct a blood sugar test.
  • Perform at least one autoantibody test.
  • Have at least two autoantibody tests. (correct)
  • Ensure the patient has hyperglycemia.

    • What is a common environmental trigger associated with the onset of Type 1 diabetes?

  • Bacterial infection (correct)
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Lifestyle choices

    • What is the primary treatment for individuals diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes?

  • Oral hypoglycemic agents
  • Insulin therapy (correct)
  • Weight management techniques
  • Diet changes only

    • Why might not all cases of Type 1 diabetes be detected immediately?

    <p>Patients are often asymptomatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average cost of a single autoantibody test for diagnosing Type 1 diabetes in the Philippines?

    <p>PhP 8000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an early sign that may indicate a person will develop diabetes?

    <p>Pre-diabetes occurring 10-15 years before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could raise blood sugar levels in a patient with schizophrenia?

    <p>Psychotropic drugs leading to insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two indicators are recognized as risk factors for developing heart attack or myocardial infarction?

    <p>Elevated waist circumference and elevated waist-hip ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of diabetes risk, which statement is accurate regarding PCOS?

    <p>Women with PCOS may have elevated testosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for diabetes development?

    <p>Schizophrenia as a standalone condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of insulin in muscle tissues?

    <p>Stimulates amino acid uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insulin affect fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues?

    <p>It stimulates both fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of insulin deficiency in terms of glucose transport?

    <p>Decreased glucose transport, resulting in hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes does insulin promote in the liver?

    <p>Glycogen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process is inhibited by insulin?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of prolonged elevated blood glucose levels?

    <p>Long-term damage to various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does insulin play concerning protein metabolism?

    <p>Stimulates protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does insulin primarily act as a hormone?

    <p>Primarily an anabolic hormone that promotes storage and synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a macrovascular complication of diabetes?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of complications can arise from continued hyperglycemia in diabetes?

    <p>Both acute and chronic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible acute complication of diabetes treatment?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT associated with promoting diabetes complications?

    <p>Low blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic complications of diabetes typically develop over what time frame?

    <p>Months to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing diabetes, what aspect should be focused on alongside blood sugar control?

    <p>Correcting other contributing factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of death in the Philippines related to diabetes?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common small vessel disease complication of diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which association between pancreatic cells and their functions is correct?

    <p>F cells: Pancreatic polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of insulin resistance?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option can help normalize blood sugar by increasing insulin and decreasing glucagon secretion?

    <p>Incretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the ominous octet related to diabetes?

    <p>Decreased hepatic glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the abnormality is in the muscle or adipose tissue, which treatment option is recommended?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be indicated if hyperglycemia is linked to liver dysfunction?

    <p>Thiazolidinediones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which statement is true regarding insulin and glucagon secretion?

    <p>Alpha cells secrete glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the abnormality is in the pancreas, which option can be administered?

    <p>Insulin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Actions of Insulin in Metabolic Processes

    • Insulin binds to receptors in various tissues, triggering metabolic actions.
    • In muscle tissue, insulin facilitates glucose uptake, stimulates amino acid uptake, promotes protein synthesis, and prevents protein breakdown.
    • In adipose tissue, insulin stimulates fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis while preventing lipolysis.
    • In liver and muscle, insulin increases glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogenolysis.
    • In the liver, insulin also promotes fatty acid synthesis and prevents gluconeogenesis.
    • Insulin is primarily an anabolic hormone promoting storage and synthesis of nutrients.

    Diabetes Mellitus Overview

    • Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by defects in insulin secretion or action.
    • Common outcome of diabetes is hyperglycemia, due to glucose transporters being inactive or absent in cell membranes.
    • Persistent high blood glucose can cause long-term damage to body tissues.

    Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Type 1 diabetes is often not diagnosed until there is significant hyperglycemia, as many individuals initially exhibit normal blood sugar levels.
    • Environmental triggers, like infections, may provoke an autoimmune response against β-cells, leading to antibody production.
    • Early screening for risk factors should include family history and may reveal pre-diabetes years before full-blown diabetes develops.
    • Insulin is the primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes; accurate diagnosis is necessary before initiating lifelong insulin therapy.

    Clinical Features and Complications

    • Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may show elevated serum testosterone levels and require careful management regarding diabetes risk.
    • Psychotropic drugs are linked to increased insulin resistance and blood sugar levels.
    • Major heart attack risk factors include elevated waist circumference and waist-hip ratio.
    • Complications of diabetes can be acute (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis) or chronic (e.g., vascular diseases) and result from prolonged hyperglycemia.

    Factors Promoting Diabetes Complications

    • Complications arise not solely from hyperglycemia, but also associated conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia.
    • Treatment should address not only blood sugar management but also correction of contributing factors shaping the patient’s overall health.

    Targeted Treatment Options

    • Treatment strategies may depend on the site of pathology (liver, muscle, adipose, or pancreas).
    • Metformin or thiazolidinediones (like Pioglitazone) are used for liver issues; thiazolidinediones are preferred for muscle/adipose abnormalities.
    • SGLT-2 inhibitors can be beneficial for kidney-related issues.
    • In cases related to pancreatic function, use of insulin, incretins, or GLP-1 receptor agonists is indicated.
    • Availability of certain medications may vary by region, affecting treatment options in the Philippines.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the metabolic processes influenced by insulin and its role in diabetes mellitus. It focuses on insulin secretion defects and how they impact various metabolic pathways. Understand the nuances of insulin's actions and its significance in maintaining metabolic balance.

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