Insufficient Information Quiz

What is the definition of reasoning?

What are the two types of reasoning?

Deductive reasoning arrives at conclusions that are probably true.

Inductive reasoning arrives at conclusions that are probably true, based on evidence.

What is the basic form of deductive reasoning?

A syllogism consists of two premises and a conclusion.

What are two common source of errors in syllogisms?

Conditional syllogisms have two premises and a conclusion.

What is a mental set?

What is functional fixedness?

What is insight?

Inductive reasoning is about the validity of a syllogism.

What is a heuristic?

Which of the following is not a type of heuristic discussed in the text?

The availability heuristic explains our tendency to judge things based on how easily we can recall relevant examples.

The representative heuristic states that the probability of that event A comes from class B depends on how well A resembles the properties of class B.

The conjunction rule states that the probability of a conjunction of two events (A and B) cannot be higher than the probability of the single event (A alone or B alone).

Confirmation bias refers to our tendency to selectively look for information that confirms our hypothesis.

The utility approach to decision making suggests that people are always rational, and will always choose the option with the highest monetary value.

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in brain function?

What is the basic definition of a problem?

Problem solving is the process of getting around an obstacle between a present state and a goal.

What are three approaches to problem solving?

The Gestalt approach to problem solving emphasizes how people represent a problem in their minds.

The information processing approach to problem-solving focuses on how people use mental steps and operations within a problem space.

The Tower of Hanoi problem involves moving a set of rings from one peg to another, following a set of specific rules.

What is the most common strategy used to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem?

Means-ends analysis is equally effective for all types of problems, regardless of complexity or the number of possible solutions.

Analogical problem-solving involves finding a solution to one problem by applying the solution from a similar, previously solved problem.

What is one of the key advantages of using analogical problem-solving?

Experts in a given domain are more likely to group problems based on superficial features than experts.

Experts are better than novices at solving problems in any domain, regardless of their level of expertise.

Convergent thinking involves working towards a single, correct answer to a well-defined problem.

Divergent thinking is a process of coming up with many different solutions to a problem, even if there is no single 'right' answer.

Metacognition refers to the awareness that people have about their own thinking processes.

The prefrontal cortex is known to be particularly important in the development of complex procedural memories.

What is the definition of language?

Language is hierarchical in nature, meaning that it consists of different levels of organization, from smaller units like sounds to larger units like words and sentences.

The word-superiority effect demonstrates that letters are recognized more quickly and accurately when they appear within a word compared to when they appear in isolation or as part of a non-word string.

Speech segmentation is the process of identifying individual words within a continuous stream of spoken language.

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that people generally recognize and read high-frequency words faster than low-frequency words.

The 'context effect' in language processing suggests that the meaning of a word is always clear and unambiguous, regardless of the surrounding words in a sentence.

The primary goal of sentence parsing is to correctly identify the grammatical rules that govern the arrangement of words in a sentence.

The 'late closure' principle states that when encountering a new word, the parser assumes that word is part of the current phrase.

The interactionist approach to sentence parsing emphasizes the idea that syntactic and semantic information are processed independently.

Anaphoric inferences occur when we use prior knowledge about the world to connect an object or person in one sentence to a different object or person in another sentence.

Instrumental inferences are used to identify causal relationships between events, such as when we infer that taking aspirin caused a headache to go away.

The uniqueness of human language lies in its ability to communicate any novel idea or concept, regardless of prior experience.

The 'reminiscence bump' refers to the phenomenon of an enhanced memory for events that occur during adolescence and young adulthood.

Flashbulb memories are those that are deeply encoded and stored in the brain, and are highly resistant to forgetting.

The constructive nature of memory implies that our memories are not simply recordings of actual events, but rather, they are reconstructed based on various sources of information and personal biases.

The 'misinformation effect' describes how memories can be altered or even created by exposure to misleading information, even if it's presented after the actual event.

Eyewitness testimony is a reliable and accurate source of information in criminal investigations, as eyewitnesses are typically objective observers of events.

Long-term memory (LTM) is a vast and organized archive of information about past events and knowledge learned throughout our lives.

Long-term memories are stored in specific, dedicated brain areas, with each type of memory having its own unique location.

The process of encoding refers to the way information is transferred from short-term memory into long-term memory.

Rehearsal is the most effective way to encode information into long-term memory, as it ensures that information is repeated frequently and is therefore more likely to be remembered.

The 'levels of processing' theory suggests that the deeper the level of processing that information receives, the more likely it is to be transferred into LTM.

Creating connections between new information and existing knowledge is not a particularly helpful strategy for encoding information into LTM.

Organizing information in a structured and hierarchical manner can improve the effectiveness of memory encoding.

Self-reference effect refers to the observation that information is more easily retained when it is related to our personal experiences or characteristics.

The hippocampus is a critical brain structure for forming new memories.

The hippocampus is involved in the formation of both implicit and explicit memories.

Retrieval cues are things that trigger the retrieval of memories from long-term memory.

The transfer-appropriate processing theory suggests that having a positive or negative mood during the encoding process does not have any effect on one's ability to retrieve that information later.

Encoding specificity refers to the idea that memory is enhanced when the context at retrieval matches the context during encoding.

The 'state-dependent learning' effect is a specific form of the transfer-appropriate processing effect, but it focuses on matching emotional states between encoding and retrieval rather than external contexts.

Research suggests that students can improve their study strategies by employing techniques like elaborating on material, organizing information, associating new information with existing knowledge, taking breaks, and matching learning and testing conditions.

The 'concept map' is a visual representation of information that helps us to organize knowledge in a hierarchical and structured manner.

The hippocampus is the primary site for long-term memory storage, and damage to this area results in a complete loss of all long-term memories.