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Questions and Answers
Low speed cutting requires a relatively heavy ______
Low speed cutting requires a relatively heavy ______
force
High speed cutting provides better ______ due to reduced vibrations
High speed cutting provides better ______ due to reduced vibrations
control
Rotary cutting instruments are made up of three parts: shank, neck, and ______
Rotary cutting instruments are made up of three parts: shank, neck, and ______
head
Burs are designed for cutting or ______ action on tooth structure
Burs are designed for cutting or ______ action on tooth structure
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A tapered fissure bur with a square end is used to create ______
A tapered fissure bur with a square end is used to create ______
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Finishing burs typically possess ______ or more blades
Finishing burs typically possess ______ or more blades
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The cylindrical fissure bur used for repositioning finish lines is known as ______ cutting bur
The cylindrical fissure bur used for repositioning finish lines is known as ______ cutting bur
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Diamond stones and discs are types of ______ used to abrade tooth structure
Diamond stones and discs are types of ______ used to abrade tooth structure
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In fixed prosthodontics, a dental instrument is defined as a tool or device used to provide ______ treatment.
In fixed prosthodontics, a dental instrument is defined as a tool or device used to provide ______ treatment.
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Instruments are classified according to their ______.
Instruments are classified according to their ______.
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Cutting instruments can be divided into hand cutting instruments and rotary ______ instruments.
Cutting instruments can be divided into hand cutting instruments and rotary ______ instruments.
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Hand cutting instruments are constructed from materials like stainless steel, carbon steel, and ______.
Hand cutting instruments are constructed from materials like stainless steel, carbon steel, and ______.
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A hand piece is a device that holds instruments and transmits ______ to them.
A hand piece is a device that holds instruments and transmits ______ to them.
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The most popular type of hand piece is the air driven ______ piece.
The most popular type of hand piece is the air driven ______ piece.
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The rational speed of an instrument is measured in ______ per minute.
The rational speed of an instrument is measured in ______ per minute.
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Hand cutting instruments possess numerous designs for varied purposes such as ______, excavators, and carvers.
Hand cutting instruments possess numerous designs for varied purposes such as ______, excavators, and carvers.
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Sand paper discs are used for finishing and ______ preparation.
Sand paper discs are used for finishing and ______ preparation.
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According to their diameter, the large sand paper disc is ______ inches.
According to their diameter, the large sand paper disc is ______ inches.
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A safe sided disc has abrasive material on ______ side.
A safe sided disc has abrasive material on ______ side.
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Lasers are commonly used in soft tissue treatment for coagulation and ______.
Lasers are commonly used in soft tissue treatment for coagulation and ______.
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Air abrasion uses a stream of abrasive particles projected at the tooth surface with ______.
Air abrasion uses a stream of abrasive particles projected at the tooth surface with ______.
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The most reliable method of sterilization is the ______ autoclave.
The most reliable method of sterilization is the ______ autoclave.
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Chemical solutions must come in contact with the organism for several ______ to be effective.
Chemical solutions must come in contact with the organism for several ______ to be effective.
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Dry heat is used for sterilizing instruments that can withstand very high ______.
Dry heat is used for sterilizing instruments that can withstand very high ______.
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Diamond stones are made of diamond chips bonded to ______ machined to the desired shapes of the instrument.
Diamond stones are made of diamond chips bonded to ______ machined to the desired shapes of the instrument.
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Diamond stones are most effective for grinding ______, up to 2 or 3 times faster than burs.
Diamond stones are most effective for grinding ______, up to 2 or 3 times faster than burs.
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Coarse or medium grit diamond stones are used for the rapid removal of ______ structure.
Coarse or medium grit diamond stones are used for the rapid removal of ______ structure.
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Needle stones are used for interproximal initial access without causing injury to the adjacent ______.
Needle stones are used for interproximal initial access without causing injury to the adjacent ______.
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The tapered diamond stone with a round end is used for axial reductions with their sides at a ______ taper.
The tapered diamond stone with a round end is used for axial reductions with their sides at a ______ taper.
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The ______ diamond stone is specifically designed for palatal fossa reduction of anterior teeth.
The ______ diamond stone is specifically designed for palatal fossa reduction of anterior teeth.
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Cylindrical stones are shaped like cylinders and are used for accentuating shoulder ______ lines.
Cylindrical stones are shaped like cylinders and are used for accentuating shoulder ______ lines.
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Diamond discs can be classified according to material, including diamond and ______ discs.
Diamond discs can be classified according to material, including diamond and ______ discs.
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Study Notes
Instruments in Fixed Prosthodontics
- Instruments are tools or devices used for dental treatment.
- They are classified according to their uses: diagnostic, cutting, and restoring instruments.
- Cutting instruments are further classified into hand cutting instruments, rotary cutting instruments, laser equipment, and other equipment (air abrasion).
- Hand cutting instruments are lightweight, handheld tools made of stainless steel, carbon steel, carbide, or other alloys.
- They have specific designs for tasks like probing, excavating, carving, and chiseling.
- Hand cutting instruments are composed of three parts: hand, shaft, and blade (working point and working end).
- Rotary cutting instruments include a wide range of small tools powered by electric or air-driven turbine handpieces.
- Handpieces hold the instruments and position them in the mouth.
- Air-driven handpieces are the most common type.
- Handpieces are classified by shape: straight and contra-angle.
- Rotary speed range is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).
- Low speed (below 12,000 rpm) is suitable for preparation of grooves and pinholes, cleaning teeth, and finishing/polishing.
- High speeds (above 200,000 rpm) offer better control, reduced pressure, and reduced patient apprehension; used for treating multiple teeth in one appointment.
- Rotary cutting instruments are composed of three main parts: shank, neck, and head.
- Shanks can be long (straight handpieces), short latch (latch contra-angle handpieces), or friction grip (ultra high speed handpieces).
- Necks connect the shank and head.
- Heads are the working parts with cutting edges or points for shaping teeth.
- Rotary instruments are further categorized as burs and abrasives.
- Burs have a cutting or shaving action (bladed) and are made of steel or tungsten carbide.
- Burs commonly used in fixed prosthodontic preparations include straight/tapered fissure burs (long and short), and end cutting burs.
- Abrasives, like diamond stones, are made of diamond chips bonded to blanks; they grind tooth structure effectively.
- Diamond stones are categorized by size (grit) and can be coarse or fine.
- Coarse grit is used for rapid removal; fine grit for smoothing surfaces.
- Diamond burs come in different colours, corresponding to grit size.
- Shape and size are important aspects of burs and are used in various procedures.
- Tapered burs with a round end are suitable for axial reductions (buccal-lingual-mesial-distal) with their sides, and chamfer F. L. with their ends.
- Tapered burs with flat ends are used for axial reductions with their sides and shoulder F.L with their ends.
- Needle stones are used for interproximal access without causing adjacent tooth damage, and producing sharp finish lines.
- Wheel diamond stones are used for reducing palatal fossae of anterior teeth, incisal edges of anterior teeth, and occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars.
- Tinker (Torpedo) stones are for creating bevel finish lines/shoulders.
- Football (flame) stones are used for reducing palatal fossa of anterior teeth.
- Cylindrical stones are for accentuating shoulder finish lines.
- Dental rotary instruments are classified as mounted and demounted types.
- Mounted types have their mandrels permanently attached to the working elements (stones & burs), while demounted types use a shank (mandrel) with interchangeable working points.
- The attachment method between the working point and the mandrel is usually a hole and screw in a lock system or friction grip.
- Discs are used for proximal slicing or reduction of all types of preparations.
- They are available in mounted or demounted forms and can be used with conventional/standard speeds.
- Discs are categorized by material (diamond, metal, carborundum), diameter (small, medium, large), and shape (flat, cup).
- Abrasives come in coarse, medium, and fine varieties based on particle size.
- They may be supplied as safe sided or double sided, depending on the placement of the abrasive material.
- The types of shapes for abrasives include round, oval, inverted cone, barrel, and pear shapes.
- Lasers, such as argon, CO2, and ND:YAG lasers, are also used in dentistry for soft (coagulation and hemostasis, gingival retraction & crown lengthening) and hard tissue treatment.
- Air abrasion involves a stream of abrasive particles that remove tooth structure without heat, vibration, or noise.
- This method has applications for stain removal and debridding pits and fissures to be sealed, and creating micromechanical roughness of surface areas to be bonded (enamel, cast metal alloys, porcelain).
- There are various methods of instrument sterilization and disinfection, including steam autoclave, chemical vapors, and dry heat.
- Steam autoclaves are the most reliable and effective, as they destroy pathogenic organisms.
Methods of Sterilization
- Chemical solutions are not recommended for metal instruments due to the extended time needed for effectiveness.
- Steam autoclave, widely used for sterilizing metal instruments, relies on steam under pressure to destroy pathogenic organisms.
- Unsaturated chemical vapors, while effective for metal instruments, have the disadvantages of odor and needing ventilation.
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Description
Explore the various instruments used in fixed prosthodontics. This quiz covers diagnostic, cutting, and restoring instruments, highlighting the classification and specific functions of hand and rotary cutting tools. Test your knowledge on their design, materials, and usage in dental procedures.