Instruments in Fixed Prosthodontics
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Questions and Answers

Low speed cutting requires a relatively heavy ______

force

High speed cutting provides better ______ due to reduced vibrations

control

Rotary cutting instruments are made up of three parts: shank, neck, and ______

head

Burs are designed for cutting or ______ action on tooth structure

<p>shaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tapered fissure bur with a square end is used to create ______

<p>grooves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Finishing burs typically possess ______ or more blades

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cylindrical fissure bur used for repositioning finish lines is known as ______ cutting bur

<p>end</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diamond stones and discs are types of ______ used to abrade tooth structure

<p>abrasives</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fixed prosthodontics, a dental instrument is defined as a tool or device used to provide ______ treatment.

<p>dental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instruments are classified according to their ______.

<p>uses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cutting instruments can be divided into hand cutting instruments and rotary ______ instruments.

<p>cutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hand cutting instruments are constructed from materials like stainless steel, carbon steel, and ______.

<p>carbide</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hand piece is a device that holds instruments and transmits ______ to them.

<p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most popular type of hand piece is the air driven ______ piece.

<p>hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rational speed of an instrument is measured in ______ per minute.

<p>revolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hand cutting instruments possess numerous designs for varied purposes such as ______, excavators, and carvers.

<p>probes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sand paper discs are used for finishing and ______ preparation.

<p>smoothening</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to their diameter, the large sand paper disc is ______ inches.

<p>7/8</p> Signup and view all the answers

A safe sided disc has abrasive material on ______ side.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lasers are commonly used in soft tissue treatment for coagulation and ______.

<p>hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air abrasion uses a stream of abrasive particles projected at the tooth surface with ______.

<p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most reliable method of sterilization is the ______ autoclave.

<p>steam</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical solutions must come in contact with the organism for several ______ to be effective.

<p>hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dry heat is used for sterilizing instruments that can withstand very high ______.

<p>temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diamond stones are made of diamond chips bonded to ______ machined to the desired shapes of the instrument.

<p>blanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diamond stones are most effective for grinding ______, up to 2 or 3 times faster than burs.

<p>enamel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coarse or medium grit diamond stones are used for the rapid removal of ______ structure.

<p>tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Needle stones are used for interproximal initial access without causing injury to the adjacent ______.

<p>tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tapered diamond stone with a round end is used for axial reductions with their sides at a ______ taper.

<p>6°</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ diamond stone is specifically designed for palatal fossa reduction of anterior teeth.

<p>wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cylindrical stones are shaped like cylinders and are used for accentuating shoulder ______ lines.

<p>finish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diamond discs can be classified according to material, including diamond and ______ discs.

<p>metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dental Instruments

Tools used for dental treatment.

Hand Cutting Instruments

Lightweight, handheld tools made of steel or alloys for various dental tasks.

Rotary Cutting Instruments

Small tools powered by electric motors or air turbines, used for precise dental work.

Hand Piece

A device that holds and powers dental instruments, guiding them in the mouth.

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Straight Hand Piece

A type of handpiece with a straight shaft.

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Contra-Angle Hand Piece

A handpiece with an angled shaft for access to difficult areas.

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Rotary Speed

Measured in revolutions per minute (RPM), indicating how fast a rotary instrument spins.

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Instrument Classification

Dental instruments are categorized by their function (diagnostic, cutting, restoring).

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Low-speed cutting

Dental procedure using rotary instruments at speeds below 12,000 rpm. Used for preparations requiring heavy force application, to create grooves and pinholes, clean teeth, and for finishing and polishing.

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High-speed cutting

Dental procedure using rotary instruments at speeds above 200,000 rpm, typically involves less pressure and vibration, allowing more teeth to be treated.

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Rotary instruments

Dental tools with a shank, neck, and head used in a handpiece to shape tooth structure.

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Burs (cutting)

Rotary instruments with blades for precise intra-coronal preparations (grooves, boxes, pinholes) requiring a shearing action.

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Fissure Bur

A type of bur used to create grooves and boxes in teeth; it can either be straight or tapered, with different-shaped ends.

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End cutting bur

Cylindrical fissure bur with a cutting surface only at its end used for repositioning finish lines.

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Abrasive instruments

Dental instruments using materials like diamond stones or discs to remove tooth structure by abrading the surface.

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Diamond stones

Abrasive instruments used to remove tooth structure by grinding.

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Diamond Stone Grit Size

Diamond stones are categorized by the size of the diamond chips, like coarse, medium, or fine, determining their use in tooth preparation.

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Diamond Stone Shape - Tapered

Diamond stones with tapered heads, used for axial reductions (e.g., in metal restorations and crowns).

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Diamond Stone Shape - Flat-Ended

Diamond stones with flat ends, used to shape and reduce axial surfaces, particularly in all-ceramic crowns and veneers.

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Needle Stone (Long)

Long, needle-shaped diamond stones used for creating interproximal access during tooth preparation, preventing adjacent tooth damage.

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Mounted Rotary Instruments

Dental instruments with the working point (e.g., diamond stone or bur) permanently attached to the mandrel.

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Demounted Rotary Instruments

Dental instruments with interchangeable working points (e.g., various diamond shapes) that mount to a shank.

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Dental Discs

Used for proximal reduction (slicing) in dental preparations. May be diamond or metal discs.

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Sand Paper Discs

Abrasive discs used for finishing and smoothing dental surfaces. They come in various sizes, shapes, and abrasive grades.

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Cup Shaped Disc

A type of sand paper disc shaped like a cup, used for reducing the distal surface of mandibular posterior teeth.

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Abrasive Particle Size

Determines the coarseness or fineness of the sand paper disc, with coarse being larger and fine being smaller.

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Safe Sided Disc

A sand paper disc with abrasive material on only one side, for safety.

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Double Sided Disc

A sand paper disc with abrasive material on both sides, for economical use.

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Laser in Dentistry

A high-intensity light beam used for soft and hard tissue treatment in dentistry.

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Air Abrasion

A technique that uses a stream of abrasive particles to remove tooth material, offering a cleaner, less invasive alternative to traditional drills.

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Steam Autoclave

A method of sterilization using steam under pressure, considered the most reliable for destroying pathogens.

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Study Notes

Instruments in Fixed Prosthodontics

  • Instruments are tools or devices used for dental treatment.
  • They are classified according to their uses: diagnostic, cutting, and restoring instruments.
  • Cutting instruments are further classified into hand cutting instruments, rotary cutting instruments, laser equipment, and other equipment (air abrasion).
  • Hand cutting instruments are lightweight, handheld tools made of stainless steel, carbon steel, carbide, or other alloys.
  • They have specific designs for tasks like probing, excavating, carving, and chiseling.
  • Hand cutting instruments are composed of three parts: hand, shaft, and blade (working point and working end).
  • Rotary cutting instruments include a wide range of small tools powered by electric or air-driven turbine handpieces.
  • Handpieces hold the instruments and position them in the mouth.
  • Air-driven handpieces are the most common type.
  • Handpieces are classified by shape: straight and contra-angle.
  • Rotary speed range is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).
  • Low speed (below 12,000 rpm) is suitable for preparation of grooves and pinholes, cleaning teeth, and finishing/polishing.
  • High speeds (above 200,000 rpm) offer better control, reduced pressure, and reduced patient apprehension; used for treating multiple teeth in one appointment.
  • Rotary cutting instruments are composed of three main parts: shank, neck, and head.
  • Shanks can be long (straight handpieces), short latch (latch contra-angle handpieces), or friction grip (ultra high speed handpieces).
  • Necks connect the shank and head.
  • Heads are the working parts with cutting edges or points for shaping teeth.
  • Rotary instruments are further categorized as burs and abrasives.
  • Burs have a cutting or shaving action (bladed) and are made of steel or tungsten carbide.
  • Burs commonly used in fixed prosthodontic preparations include straight/tapered fissure burs (long and short), and end cutting burs.
  • Abrasives, like diamond stones, are made of diamond chips bonded to blanks; they grind tooth structure effectively.
  • Diamond stones are categorized by size (grit) and can be coarse or fine.
  • Coarse grit is used for rapid removal; fine grit for smoothing surfaces.
  • Diamond burs come in different colours, corresponding to grit size.
  • Shape and size are important aspects of burs and are used in various procedures.
  • Tapered burs with a round end are suitable for axial reductions (buccal-lingual-mesial-distal) with their sides, and chamfer F. L. with their ends.
  • Tapered burs with flat ends are used for axial reductions with their sides and shoulder F.L with their ends.
  • Needle stones are used for interproximal access without causing adjacent tooth damage, and producing sharp finish lines.
  • Wheel diamond stones are used for reducing palatal fossae of anterior teeth, incisal edges of anterior teeth, and occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars.
  • Tinker (Torpedo) stones are for creating bevel finish lines/shoulders.
  • Football (flame) stones are used for reducing palatal fossa of anterior teeth.
  • Cylindrical stones are for accentuating shoulder finish lines.
  • Dental rotary instruments are classified as mounted and demounted types.
  • Mounted types have their mandrels permanently attached to the working elements (stones & burs), while demounted types use a shank (mandrel) with interchangeable working points.
  • The attachment method between the working point and the mandrel is usually a hole and screw in a lock system or friction grip.
  • Discs are used for proximal slicing or reduction of all types of preparations.
  • They are available in mounted or demounted forms and can be used with conventional/standard speeds.
  • Discs are categorized by material (diamond, metal, carborundum), diameter (small, medium, large), and shape (flat, cup).
  • Abrasives come in coarse, medium, and fine varieties based on particle size.
  • They may be supplied as safe sided or double sided, depending on the placement of the abrasive material.
  • The types of shapes for abrasives include round, oval, inverted cone, barrel, and pear shapes.
  • Lasers, such as argon, CO2, and ND:YAG lasers, are also used in dentistry for soft (coagulation and hemostasis, gingival retraction & crown lengthening) and hard tissue treatment.
  • Air abrasion involves a stream of abrasive particles that remove tooth structure without heat, vibration, or noise.
  • This method has applications for stain removal and debridding pits and fissures to be sealed, and creating micromechanical roughness of surface areas to be bonded (enamel, cast metal alloys, porcelain).
  • There are various methods of instrument sterilization and disinfection, including steam autoclave, chemical vapors, and dry heat.
    • Steam autoclaves are the most reliable and effective, as they destroy pathogenic organisms.

Methods of Sterilization

  • Chemical solutions are not recommended for metal instruments due to the extended time needed for effectiveness.
  • Steam autoclave, widely used for sterilizing metal instruments, relies on steam under pressure to destroy pathogenic organisms.
  • Unsaturated chemical vapors, while effective for metal instruments, have the disadvantages of odor and needing ventilation.

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Instruments in Fixed Prosthodontics (October 6 University) PDF

Description

Explore the various instruments used in fixed prosthodontics. This quiz covers diagnostic, cutting, and restoring instruments, highlighting the classification and specific functions of hand and rotary cutting tools. Test your knowledge on their design, materials, and usage in dental procedures.

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