Instrumental Conditioning Perspectives
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Questions and Answers

What principle suggests that any behavior can serve as a reinforcer if it is more likely than the instrumental response?

  • Consummatory-Response
  • Premack / Differential Probability Principle (correct)
  • Response-Deprivation Hypothesis
  • Minimum-Deviation Model

    • Which hypothesis focuses on the restriction of reinforcer activity as critical for instrumental reinforcement?

  • Response-Deprivation Hypothesis (correct)
  • Behavioral Bliss Point
  • Consummatory-Response
  • Response Allocation Approach

    • Which approach emphasizes the examination of how response distribution changes with the introduction of an instrumental conditioning procedure?

  • Response Allocation Approach (correct)
  • Minimum-Deviation Model
  • Consummatory-Response
  • Premack / Differential Probability Principle

    • What primarily produces instrumental behavior according to R-O associations?

    <p>Expectancy of reinforcer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the preferred response allocation in the absence of restrictions?

    <p>Behavioral Bliss Point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a factor in activating the R-O association?

    <p>Organism's emotional state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following models suggests that individuals generally defend their response allocations against threats to their bliss point?

    <p>Minimum-Deviation Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In free operant situations, which mechanism predominates?

    <p>R-O associations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates the activation of R-O associations?

    <p>Combing hair to enhance appearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are S, R, and O connected in instrumental conditioning?

    <p>By conditional S(R-O) relation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of instrumental drug-seeking behavior is emphasized?

    <p>R-O mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is required in addition to R-O associations to identify the cause of a response?

    <p>S stimuli activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes reinforcer devaluation?

    <p>It makes reinforcers less valuable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reinforcement of an instrumental response primarily result in?

    <p>Pairing of stimuli (S) with the response outcome (O) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is central to the Two-Process Theory?

    <p>The association formed between stimuli and outcomes (S-O) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Two-Process Theory, what do organisms learn during instrumental and classical conditioning?

    <p>Specific reward expectancies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding S-R and S-O associations in instrumental conditioning is accurate?

    <p>They do not establish a connection between response and reinforcer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conditioning mediates instrumental behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?

    <p>Pavlovian conditioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do positive or negative emotions play in the Two-Process Theory?

    <p>They mediate the relationship between stimuli and outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Experiment evaluate?

    <p>The relationship between Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of the S-O association in instrumental conditioning?

    <p>It creates an expected outcome based on previous stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Thorndike's perspective on instrumental behavior?

    <p>Establishment of S-R associations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily involved in the Law of Effect according to the content?

    <p>Strengthening of S-R associations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant criticism of the S-R association model following the cognitive revolution?

    <p>Neglect of cognitive elements in learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Skinner's approach to instrumental conditioning from that of Thorndike?

    <p>Consideration of long-term goals within context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the role of reinforcers in S-R associations is accurate?

    <p>Reinforcers help to strengthen S-R associations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does the molecular perspective focus on in instrumental conditioning?

    <p>Specific stimulus antecedents and responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research area has seen a resurgence of interest related to S-R associations?

    <p>Substance use disorder treatments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best describes the relationship between instrumental response and environmental stimuli?

    <p>S-R association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How prevalent are habits in human behavior according to the provided content?

    <p>45% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of response-allocation, what is primarily limited by the instrumental conditioning procedures?

    <p>Free flow of activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of imposed schedules of reinforcement on achieving the behavioral bliss point?

    <p>They restrict the time available for certain activities, impacting behavioral distribution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an organism's response options context influence instrumental conditioning?

    <p>It is crucial for accurately predicting the effects of instrumental conditioning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the behavioral bliss point represent in the context of organizing responses?

    <p>The optimal distribution of responses without restrictions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a student must study for the same amount of time as they spend on Facebook?

    <p>The student experiences a forced increase in studying, disrupting the bliss point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of response-reinforcer contingency involve?

    <p>It refers to how organisms respond to balance between two types of responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that affects the elasticity of demand for a commodity?

    <p>Availability of substitutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the response allocation approach alter our understanding of reinforcers in instrumental conditioning?

    <p>It focuses on the allocation of responses as a system under constraints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the concept that changes in one part of a system affect other parts?

    <p>Interconnected response options (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'complementary commodity' relate to in the context of elasticity of demand?

    <p>A product that enhances the use of another product (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'S-R Association' in the context of instrumental conditioning?

    <p>It defines the relationship between stimuli and responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which determinant of elasticity of demand reflects consumer financial capacity?

    <p>Income Level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavioral economics suggest regarding the study of instrumental behavior?

    <p>It requires a multi-faceted systemic approach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the concept of 'Expectancy of Reward' in instrumental conditioning?

    <p>The belief that a behavior will lead to a reinforcing outcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    S-O Association

    The association between a stimulus (S) and the outcome (O) of a response in instrumental conditioning.

    Instrumental Conditioning

    A type of learning where a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.

    Two-Process Theory

    The theory that Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning work together in learning.

    Pavlovian Conditioning

    Learning where a stimulus is associated with another stimulus to create a response.

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    Conditioned Emotional States

    Emotions that are associated with stimuli due to learning in instrumental conditioning.

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    Reward-Specific Expectancies

    Learned expectations for particular rewards instead of general feelings of reward.

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    R-O Relation

    The relationship between a response (R) and its outcome (O) in instrumental learning.

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    S-R Association

    Association between a stimulus (S) and a response (R).

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    Associative Structure (Thorndike)

    Instrumental learning as building associations between stimuli and responses.

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    Response-Allocation (Skinner)

    Instrumental learning as choosing actions to achieve goals, within a range of options.

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    Law of Effect

    Responses followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened.

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    Reinforcer

    An outcome that strengthens a desired response.

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    Habitual Behavior

    Behavior that is automatic, requiring little thought and is influenced by stimulus-response associations.

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    Molecular Perspective

    Focus on individual behaviors and their immediate context.

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    Molar Perspective

    Focus on larger sequences of behavior and goals over time.

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    Instrumental Response Context

    Instrumental responses occur within a specific environmental context or setting, influencing the learning process.

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    Instrumental Behavior

    Behavior that is learned through its consequences, where a specific action (response) is followed by an outcome.

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    Reinforcer devaluation

    Reducing the attractiveness of a reinforcer by changing its value.

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    Instrumental drug-seeking behavior

    Drug-taking behavior learned through its association with drug-related cues.

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    Free operant situations

    Instrumental learning situations where the organism can perform a response repeatedly over time.

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    S-R mechanisms

    Learning mechanisms where stimuli reliably predict a response.

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    Hierarchical S-O Relationships

    Instrumental responses are linked to outcomes triggered by stimuli.

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    S(R-O) associations

    Stimuli associated with the response-outcome connection.

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    Reinforcer Contingency

    A contingency where a reinforcer makes a response more or less likely.

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    Instrumental Response

    A behavior that brings about a specific consequence.

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    Contingent Response

    A response that depends on a specific event or stimulus.

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    Behavioral Bliss Point

    The ideal balance of behaviors an organism will engage in, maximizing total reinforcement.

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    Response Allocation

    How an organism distributes its behavior among different options.

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    Response Allocation Approach

    A molar approach that examines how instrumental conditioning procedures affect the distribution of behaviors amongst available options.

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    Consummatory Response

    A natural, species-specific behavior, like eating or drinking, that's crucial for reinforcers in instrumental conditioning.

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    Premack Principle

    The principle stating that more likely responses can reinforce less likely responses.

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    Response-Deprivation Hypothesis

    The idea that restricting a particular behavior makes it a more powerful reinforcer when used by instrumental conditioning.

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    Demand Curve

    A graph showing the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. It shows how much people will buy at different prices.

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    Elasticity of Demand

    A measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to changes in price. If demand is elastic, a small price change leads to a big change in demand.

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    Behavioral Economics

    A field of study that combines psychology and economics to understand how people make decisions in the face of constraints.

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    Availability of Substitutes

    One determinant of elasticity. If there are many good substitutes for a good, the demand will be more elastic (sensitive to price changes).

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    Income Level

    Another determinant of elasticity. If people have less money, the demand for a good is more elastic (more sensitive to price changes).

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    Link to Complementary Commodity

    A determinant of elasticity. If a good is linked to another good (like coffee and cream), its demand can be affected by changes in the price of the related good.

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    Study Notes

    Instrumental Conditioning: Two Perspectives

    • Thorndike's associative structure approach relies heavily on associations, compatible with Pavlovian conditioning. Research efforts focus on Pavlovian mechanisms in instrumental learning. This perspective is "molecular," focusing on individual responses and specific stimulus-response connections.
    • Skinner's response-allocation perspective looks at the broader context of ongoing activities. It examines how instrumental conditioning procedures restrict actions and consequences. This molar perspective considers long-term goals and how to achieve them within behavioral options.

    S-R Association and the Law of Effect

    • S-R Association is key to instrumental learning, central to the law of effect. The law of effect involves associating an instrumental response with contextual stimuli present when the response is reinforced. It doesn't involve learning about the response outcome or the connection between response and reinforcement.
    • The reinforcer "stamps in" the S-R association. Thorndike believed the S-R connection is solely responsible for instrumental behavior. This idea was later challenged.
    • There's a renewed interest in S-R mechanisms, particularly in habitual behaviors such as drug addiction. Habits are estimated to account for 45% of human behavior.

    Expectancy of Reward and the S-O Association

    • Instrumental response specification ensures the participant always experiences distinctive stimuli associated with the response. Stimuli may include place, texture, smell, or sight cues.
    • Reinforcement of an instrumental response pairs stimuli with reinforcers or outcomes, creating potential for classical conditioning and an association between stimulus and outcome (S-O).

    Two-Process Theory

    • Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning are linked. Stimuli (S) associated with reinforced responses become linked to outcomes (O) via Pavlovian conditioning.
    • This creates S-O associations.
    • The Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Experiment is a basic experimental design used to evaluate two-process theory.

    Conditioned Emotional States or Reward-Specific Expectancies

    • Two-Process Theory suggests that classical conditioning of positive or negative emotions mediates instrumental behavior.
    • Organisms also develop specific reward expectancies rather than simply positive or negative emotions.
    • Expectancies for specific rewards are more important determinants of transfer test results than overall positive emotions.

    R-O and S(R-O) Relations in Instrumental Conditioning

    • Neither S-R nor S-O associations involve a direct link between response and outcome. This distinction is important because it is counter-intuitive.
    • For example, combing hair (response) is associated with improving appearance (outcome).

    Evidence of R-O Associations and Hierarchical S-O Relationships

    • Reinforcer devaluation makes the reinforcer less desirable, showing evidence of R-O associations.
    • R-O mechanisms are key in instrumental drug-seeking behavior. S-R mechanisms are more influential when drug taking is triggered by drug-related cues.
    • Instrumental responses are associated with specific outcomes. These associations (R-O) can be activated in the presence of stimuli (S) present during reinforcement. This establishes a three-term S-R-O contingency.

    Antecedents of the Response Allocation Approach

    • Response Allocation is a molar approach emphasizing how instrumental procedures limit activities and redistribute behavior amongst available options.
    • Key aspects of this approach include consummatory behavior (e.g., eating, drinking), Premack/Differential Probability Principle, and the Response Deprivation Hypothesis.
    • The approach expands the definition of reinforcers. Any behavior with higher probability can be used as a reinforcer.

    The Response Allocation Approach

    • This approach considers all available actions. Instrumental conditioning changes the distribution of actions, specifically looking at factors affecting response allocation.
    • The Behavioral Bliss Point describes the preferred action distribution without constraints.
    • The Minimum-Deviation Model describes the tendency of organisms to maintain their baseline allocations when confronted with instrumental contingencies.

    Behavioral Economics

    • Market economic principles can be applied to instrumental conditioning. Similarities exist in restrictions on the marketplace and the constraints imposed by schedules in conditioning procedures.
    • The demand curve describes the relationship between price and purchased quantity, and demand elasticity demonstrates how sensitive the quantity is to price changes.
    • Factors affecting elasticity of demand include the availability of substitutes, price range, income levels, and links to complementary commodities.

    Contributions of Response Allocation Approach and Behavioral Economics

    • This approach moves away from the idea that reinforcers are simply stimuli. Instead, it looks at how instrumental contingencies restrict behavior.
    • Conditioning doesn't just "stamp in" behavior, it creates new distributions of responses.
    • Response allocation helps us understand how to describe restrictions imposed by instrumental conditioning procedures.
    • The behavioral economics perspective emphasizes that instrumental behavior is dependent on a broad range of options.

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    Description

    Explore the two main perspectives on instrumental conditioning: Thorndike's molecular approach focusing on S-R associations and Skinner's molar perspective that analyzes broader contexts. This quiz delves into the law of effect and the significance of contextual stimuli in learning processes.

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