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What principle suggests that any behavior can serve as a reinforcer if it is more likely than the instrumental response?
What principle suggests that any behavior can serve as a reinforcer if it is more likely than the instrumental response?
Which hypothesis focuses on the restriction of reinforcer activity as critical for instrumental reinforcement?
Which hypothesis focuses on the restriction of reinforcer activity as critical for instrumental reinforcement?
Which approach emphasizes the examination of how response distribution changes with the introduction of an instrumental conditioning procedure?
Which approach emphasizes the examination of how response distribution changes with the introduction of an instrumental conditioning procedure?
What primarily produces instrumental behavior according to R-O associations?
What primarily produces instrumental behavior according to R-O associations?
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What is defined as the preferred response allocation in the absence of restrictions?
What is defined as the preferred response allocation in the absence of restrictions?
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What is NOT a factor in activating the R-O association?
What is NOT a factor in activating the R-O association?
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Which of the following models suggests that individuals generally defend their response allocations against threats to their bliss point?
Which of the following models suggests that individuals generally defend their response allocations against threats to their bliss point?
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In free operant situations, which mechanism predominates?
In free operant situations, which mechanism predominates?
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Which scenario illustrates the activation of R-O associations?
Which scenario illustrates the activation of R-O associations?
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How are S, R, and O connected in instrumental conditioning?
How are S, R, and O connected in instrumental conditioning?
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Which aspect of instrumental drug-seeking behavior is emphasized?
Which aspect of instrumental drug-seeking behavior is emphasized?
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What factor is required in addition to R-O associations to identify the cause of a response?
What factor is required in addition to R-O associations to identify the cause of a response?
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Which statement best describes reinforcer devaluation?
Which statement best describes reinforcer devaluation?
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What does the reinforcement of an instrumental response primarily result in?
What does the reinforcement of an instrumental response primarily result in?
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Which concept is central to the Two-Process Theory?
Which concept is central to the Two-Process Theory?
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In the context of Two-Process Theory, what do organisms learn during instrumental and classical conditioning?
In the context of Two-Process Theory, what do organisms learn during instrumental and classical conditioning?
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Which of the following statements regarding S-R and S-O associations in instrumental conditioning is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding S-R and S-O associations in instrumental conditioning is accurate?
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What type of conditioning mediates instrumental behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?
What type of conditioning mediates instrumental behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?
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What role do positive or negative emotions play in the Two-Process Theory?
What role do positive or negative emotions play in the Two-Process Theory?
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What does the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Experiment evaluate?
What does the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Experiment evaluate?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of the S-O association in instrumental conditioning?
Which of the following best describes the nature of the S-O association in instrumental conditioning?
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What is the primary focus of Thorndike's perspective on instrumental behavior?
What is the primary focus of Thorndike's perspective on instrumental behavior?
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Which mechanism is primarily involved in the Law of Effect according to the content?
Which mechanism is primarily involved in the Law of Effect according to the content?
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What is a significant criticism of the S-R association model following the cognitive revolution?
What is a significant criticism of the S-R association model following the cognitive revolution?
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What distinguishes Skinner's approach to instrumental conditioning from that of Thorndike?
What distinguishes Skinner's approach to instrumental conditioning from that of Thorndike?
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Which statement about the role of reinforcers in S-R associations is accurate?
Which statement about the role of reinforcers in S-R associations is accurate?
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Which aspect does the molecular perspective focus on in instrumental conditioning?
Which aspect does the molecular perspective focus on in instrumental conditioning?
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What research area has seen a resurgence of interest related to S-R associations?
What research area has seen a resurgence of interest related to S-R associations?
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What term best describes the relationship between instrumental response and environmental stimuli?
What term best describes the relationship between instrumental response and environmental stimuli?
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How prevalent are habits in human behavior according to the provided content?
How prevalent are habits in human behavior according to the provided content?
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In the context of response-allocation, what is primarily limited by the instrumental conditioning procedures?
In the context of response-allocation, what is primarily limited by the instrumental conditioning procedures?
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What is the effect of imposed schedules of reinforcement on achieving the behavioral bliss point?
What is the effect of imposed schedules of reinforcement on achieving the behavioral bliss point?
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How does an organism's response options context influence instrumental conditioning?
How does an organism's response options context influence instrumental conditioning?
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What does the behavioral bliss point represent in the context of organizing responses?
What does the behavioral bliss point represent in the context of organizing responses?
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What happens when a student must study for the same amount of time as they spend on Facebook?
What happens when a student must study for the same amount of time as they spend on Facebook?
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What does the concept of response-reinforcer contingency involve?
What does the concept of response-reinforcer contingency involve?
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What is a key factor that affects the elasticity of demand for a commodity?
What is a key factor that affects the elasticity of demand for a commodity?
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How does the response allocation approach alter our understanding of reinforcers in instrumental conditioning?
How does the response allocation approach alter our understanding of reinforcers in instrumental conditioning?
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Which of the following best represents the concept that changes in one part of a system affect other parts?
Which of the following best represents the concept that changes in one part of a system affect other parts?
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What does the term 'complementary commodity' relate to in the context of elasticity of demand?
What does the term 'complementary commodity' relate to in the context of elasticity of demand?
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What is the significance of the 'S-R Association' in the context of instrumental conditioning?
What is the significance of the 'S-R Association' in the context of instrumental conditioning?
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Which determinant of elasticity of demand reflects consumer financial capacity?
Which determinant of elasticity of demand reflects consumer financial capacity?
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What does behavioral economics suggest regarding the study of instrumental behavior?
What does behavioral economics suggest regarding the study of instrumental behavior?
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Which of the following describes the concept of 'Expectancy of Reward' in instrumental conditioning?
Which of the following describes the concept of 'Expectancy of Reward' in instrumental conditioning?
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Study Notes
Instrumental Conditioning: Two Perspectives
- Thorndike's associative structure approach relies heavily on associations, compatible with Pavlovian conditioning. Research efforts focus on Pavlovian mechanisms in instrumental learning. This perspective is "molecular," focusing on individual responses and specific stimulus-response connections.
- Skinner's response-allocation perspective looks at the broader context of ongoing activities. It examines how instrumental conditioning procedures restrict actions and consequences. This molar perspective considers long-term goals and how to achieve them within behavioral options.
S-R Association and the Law of Effect
- S-R Association is key to instrumental learning, central to the law of effect. The law of effect involves associating an instrumental response with contextual stimuli present when the response is reinforced. It doesn't involve learning about the response outcome or the connection between response and reinforcement.
- The reinforcer "stamps in" the S-R association. Thorndike believed the S-R connection is solely responsible for instrumental behavior. This idea was later challenged.
- There's a renewed interest in S-R mechanisms, particularly in habitual behaviors such as drug addiction. Habits are estimated to account for 45% of human behavior.
Expectancy of Reward and the S-O Association
- Instrumental response specification ensures the participant always experiences distinctive stimuli associated with the response. Stimuli may include place, texture, smell, or sight cues.
- Reinforcement of an instrumental response pairs stimuli with reinforcers or outcomes, creating potential for classical conditioning and an association between stimulus and outcome (S-O).
Two-Process Theory
- Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning are linked. Stimuli (S) associated with reinforced responses become linked to outcomes (O) via Pavlovian conditioning.
- This creates S-O associations.
- The Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer Experiment is a basic experimental design used to evaluate two-process theory.
Conditioned Emotional States or Reward-Specific Expectancies
- Two-Process Theory suggests that classical conditioning of positive or negative emotions mediates instrumental behavior.
- Organisms also develop specific reward expectancies rather than simply positive or negative emotions.
- Expectancies for specific rewards are more important determinants of transfer test results than overall positive emotions.
R-O and S(R-O) Relations in Instrumental Conditioning
- Neither S-R nor S-O associations involve a direct link between response and outcome. This distinction is important because it is counter-intuitive.
- For example, combing hair (response) is associated with improving appearance (outcome).
Evidence of R-O Associations and Hierarchical S-O Relationships
- Reinforcer devaluation makes the reinforcer less desirable, showing evidence of R-O associations.
- R-O mechanisms are key in instrumental drug-seeking behavior. S-R mechanisms are more influential when drug taking is triggered by drug-related cues.
- Instrumental responses are associated with specific outcomes. These associations (R-O) can be activated in the presence of stimuli (S) present during reinforcement. This establishes a three-term S-R-O contingency.
Antecedents of the Response Allocation Approach
- Response Allocation is a molar approach emphasizing how instrumental procedures limit activities and redistribute behavior amongst available options.
- Key aspects of this approach include consummatory behavior (e.g., eating, drinking), Premack/Differential Probability Principle, and the Response Deprivation Hypothesis.
- The approach expands the definition of reinforcers. Any behavior with higher probability can be used as a reinforcer.
The Response Allocation Approach
- This approach considers all available actions. Instrumental conditioning changes the distribution of actions, specifically looking at factors affecting response allocation.
- The Behavioral Bliss Point describes the preferred action distribution without constraints.
- The Minimum-Deviation Model describes the tendency of organisms to maintain their baseline allocations when confronted with instrumental contingencies.
Behavioral Economics
- Market economic principles can be applied to instrumental conditioning. Similarities exist in restrictions on the marketplace and the constraints imposed by schedules in conditioning procedures.
- The demand curve describes the relationship between price and purchased quantity, and demand elasticity demonstrates how sensitive the quantity is to price changes.
- Factors affecting elasticity of demand include the availability of substitutes, price range, income levels, and links to complementary commodities.
Contributions of Response Allocation Approach and Behavioral Economics
- This approach moves away from the idea that reinforcers are simply stimuli. Instead, it looks at how instrumental contingencies restrict behavior.
- Conditioning doesn't just "stamp in" behavior, it creates new distributions of responses.
- Response allocation helps us understand how to describe restrictions imposed by instrumental conditioning procedures.
- The behavioral economics perspective emphasizes that instrumental behavior is dependent on a broad range of options.
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Description
Explore the two main perspectives on instrumental conditioning: Thorndike's molecular approach focusing on S-R associations and Skinner's molar perspective that analyzes broader contexts. This quiz delves into the law of effect and the significance of contextual stimuli in learning processes.
