Questions and Answers
What is banishment?
What does the term 'transportation' refer to in the context of punishment?
What are workhouses?
European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison where offenders learned discipline and regular work habits.
What is penology?
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What is the panopticon design?
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What is the Pennsylvania System?
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What was the Auburn System?
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What does the medical model in corrections imply?
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What is privatization in the context of institutional corrections?
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The incarceration rate is derived by dividing the number of people incarcerated by the population of the area and multiplying the result by __________.
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What is a classification facility?
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What does a custody level indicate?
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What are cocorrectional facilities?
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What is a lockup?
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What functions do jails perform?
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What are common issues found in most prisons?
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What is a snitch system?
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Study Notes
Institutional Corrections Overview
- Banishment: Historical punishment requiring offenders to leave their community, often to wilderness areas.
- Transportation: Offenders sent from their home to colonies for work as a form of punishment.
Early Institutions and Concepts
- Workhouses: Early European institutions aimed at instilling discipline and work habits, predecessors of modern U.S. prisons.
- Penology: The study dedicated to prison management and offender treatment.
- Panopticon: A round prison design allowing centralized supervision of inmates in individual cells.
Systems of Confinement
- Pennsylvania System: Early American penology method using solitary confinement for reflection, religious study, and handicrafts.
- Auburn System: Confined inmates during the night and allowed them to work and eat in silence during the day, promoting discipline.
Correctional Theories
- Medical Model: Viewed crime as a personal illness needing treatment, prevalent in the mid-20th century.
- Privatization: Involvement of private entities in building and managing confinement facilities.
Incarceration Metrics
- Incarceration Rate: Calculated by incarcerated individuals per capita, expressed per 100,000 people to compare incarceration levels.
Facility Types and Security Levels
- Classification Facility: Assess newly sentenced offenders' security needs for institutional assignment.
- Custody Level: Classifies inmate security precautions needed during interaction.
- Cocorrectional Facilities: Minimum-security institutions housing both genders for normalized interactions during the day.
- Lockup: Short-term holding facilities near police agencies for suspects awaiting further inquiry.
- Jail: Local facilities holding convicted and unconvicted individuals for brief periods.
Inmate Safety and Management
- Protective Custody: Segregation of inmates for their protection.
- Administrative Segregation: Isolation of inmates to prevent harm to others.
- Conjugal Visits: Allow married inmates private time with spouses or partners to maintain relationships.
Security and Control in Prisons
- Snitch System: Staff rely on inmate informants for contraband and security threats.
- Milieu Therapy: Group therapy that encourages positive behavior through the entire living environment.
- Crisis Intervention: Counseling to help inmates manage crises.
Correctional Challenges and Programs
- Less-Eligibility Principle: Prisoners should not receive better services than those available to non-incarcerated citizens.
- Rehabilitation Programs: Aimed at inmate improvement but often hindered by issues like lack of funding and interrupted schedules.
Historical Context and Reform
- Origins of Confinement: Used primarily for detention prior to the 1600s, such as holding pre-trial detainees and coercing payments.
- Penal Reformers: Notable figures like Cesare Beccaria, John Howard, and Jeremy Bentham influenced modern corrections.
- First State Prison: The Walnut Street Jail, opened in Philadelphia.
Modern Incarceration Trends
- Incarceration Boom: Significant rate increases from 1973 to 2008, with a subsequent decrease noted.
- Prison Demographics: Overwhelmingly male (93%) and disproportionately Black (43%) compared to the general population.
Characteristics of Inmate Populations
- State Prison Characteristics: Majority male, mostly offenders under 35, often uneducated, and previously employed.
- Federal Inmates: Typically more educated, less young, predominantly married, and a significant percentage serving time for drug offenses.
Operational Structures
- Decentralized Management: Institutional corrections features a diffuse and decentralized administrative structure.
- Federal Institutions: Managed under the Federal Bureau of Prisons, adhering to federal requirements affecting state prison operations.
Security Levels in Prisons
- Maximum Security: High security with armed guards and strict monitoring.
- Medium Security: Less restrictive with dormitory-style living and barbed wire.
- Minimum Security: Open environment allowing good behavior inmates more freedoms, such as work release.
Inmate Interaction and Movements
- Daily Operations: Routines include daily counts, monitoring inmate movements, and security searches to prevent contraband and avoid disruptions.
Rehabilitation Program Effectiveness
- Program Hurdles: Shortened workdays and funding issues further reduce the effectiveness of educational and vocational training within prisons.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key terms and concepts related to institutional corrections, as discussed in Chapter 10. You will learn about historical punishments such as banishment and transportation, as well as the role of workhouses. Enhance your understanding of these key terms through engaging flashcards.