Insect Orders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following insect orders includes species with a holometabolous life cycle?

  • Orthoptera
  • Hemiptera
  • Coleoptera (correct)
  • Blattodea

What characteristic is specific to Hymenoptera in relation to their reproduction?

  • Females are diploid and males are haploid (correct)
  • Both males and females are haploid
  • Both males and females are diploid
  • Males are diploid and females are haploid

Which insect order is characterized by having leathery tegmina and wings that fold over the body?

  • Coleoptera
  • Diptera
  • Orthoptera (correct)
  • Hymenoptera

What type of mouthparts do liquid-feeding insects in the Hemiptera order typically possess?

<p>Piercing sucking mouthparts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Lepidoptera is true?

<p>They possess wing hairs that are modified into scales. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of reducing the favourability of a habitat for pests?

<p>To eliminate suitable pest habitats and resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is effective for exposing soil-dwelling insect life-stages to predators?

<p>Tillage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of trap cropping in pest management?

<p>To divert pests away from the main crop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can manipulating the timing of crop planting affect pest populations?

<p>By disrupting the life cycle of pests and their hosts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures can help in removing overwintering sites for pests?

<p>Cleaning up crop residues after harvest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique involves using synthetic pheromones to manage pests?

<p>Trap cropping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason crop rotation is particularly effective against certain pests?

<p>It changes the dynamics of the pest's life cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for creating physical barriers to prevent pest access?

<p>Using insect netting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) affects pest insects?

<p>It releases toxins after being ingested by insects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biological control agents is known for infecting insect pests through the germination of spores?

<p>Beauveria bassiana (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do viruses use to control insect populations?

<p>They replicate within the cells and typically kill the host. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of introducing novel microorganisms into an insect’s microbiome?

<p>Reduced disease transmission and growth rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are generalist predators often ineffective at high pest densities?

<p>They may become overwhelmed by the number of pests. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insect is mentioned as being affected by manipulated endosymbionts to reduce its ability to transmit diseases?

<p>Aedes aegypti mosquito (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of manipulating microorganisms already present in pest species?

<p>Altered reproductive capabilities and disease transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the gut of an insect infected with Bacillus thuringiensis?

<p>It leaks into the hemocoel, causing starvation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the brain to the rest of the central nervous system in insects?

<p>Subesophageal ganglion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone produced by the corpora allata plays a significant role in metamorphosis?

<p>Juvenile hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insect locomotion is characterized by the use of external forces for movement?

<p>Passive dispersal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of reproduction describes females laying eggs that are left without care?

<p>Oviparity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of internal fertilization in insects?

<p>Protecting gametes from the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of insect leg modification is designed specifically for grasping?

<p>Raptorial legs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of insect wings aids in gas exchange and nutrient transportation?

<p>Veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of propulsion is used by water striders to enhance their movement in water?

<p>Marangoni propulsion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contractions are not directly stimulated by neural impulses?

<p>Asynchronous contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is used for mating disruption in pest management?

<p>Mass pheromone application (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aedeagus in male reproductive organs?

<p>External transfer of sperm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the insect reproductive system is involved in storing sperm?

<p>Spermatheca (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does resilin play in insect musculature?

<p>Providing flexibility at attachment sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of contact poisons makes them ineffective for certain insects?

<p>They do not penetrate plant tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of fumigants as insecticides?

<p>They are gaseous above 5 degrees Celsius. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of synthetic insecticides allows them to reduce impacts on non-target organisms?

<p>They can be manipulated for greater effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk is associated with the use of DDT as an insecticide?

<p>It leads to biomagnification in food chains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following natural insecticides has broad-spectrum effects but low toxicity to mammals?

<p>Pyrethrins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health concern associated with the use of synthetic insecticides like DDT?

<p>They may cause eggshell thinning in birds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for axonic poisons?

<p>They alter sodium and potassium influx along axon membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do natural insecticides generally require frequent reapplication?

<p>They break down easily in the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of conservation biological control?

<p>To facilitate the success of natural enemies already present in the ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does sulphur have for pest managers?

<p>It is cost-effective and mixes well with other pesticides. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of pyrethroids compared to natural pyrethrins?

<p>They do not affect vertebrates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices may hinder the success of natural enemies in an ecosystem?

<p>Increasing tillage and weed removal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to enhance the survival of natural enemies?

<p>Ensuring adequate nesting sites and food supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of biological control compared to chemical control?

<p>Biological control is less likely to damage plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of biological control that may be less prominent in conventional pest management?

<p>Biological control is slower to develop and implement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can biological control partially address pesticide resistance?

<p>By reducing reliance on chemical insecticides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential costs associated with classical biological control?

<p>High short-term costs are offset by self-sustaining control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factors can affect the activity of biological control agents?

<p>Temperature and day length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about biological control agents is true?

<p>They interact with other species in the habitat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does biological control help raise awareness about in farming practices?

<p>Environmental impacts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Holometabolous

A type of insect development that includes four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larval stage is very different from the adult stage and occupies a different niche.

Endopterygote

Insects that have internal wings, meaning their wings develop inside the body during the larval stage. Their larval stage is very different from the adult stage.

Eusocial

A social structure where individuals within a colony have specialized roles and cooperate for the benefit of the whole colony. Usually includes a queen, workers, and drones.

Hemielytra

A type of wing found in some insects, where the front wings are partially hardened and partially membranous. The hardened portion protects the membranous portion for flight.

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Tegmina

Hardened, leathery forewings in some insects that protect the membranous hindwings used for flight.

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Biological Control

Using natural enemies, like pathogens, to reduce pest populations.

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Pathogen

A disease-causing microorganism, like bacteria, fungi, or viruses, used to control pests.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)

A naturally occurring bacterium used to control pests. It produces toxins that paralyze and kill insects.

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How Bt Works

Bt spores are ingested by insects. They release toxins that damage the gut, leading to starvation and death.

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Fungal Control

Fungi are used to control pests. They infect the insect's exoskeleton and kill it from within.

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Viral Control

Viruses specifically target insects and replicate within their cells, leading to death.

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Endosymbiont Manipulation

Altering the microbiome of insects through various techniques to reduce pest population and transmission of diseases.

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Microbiome Modification

Introducing new microorganisms or genetically modifying existing ones in insects to disrupt their growth and reproduction.

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Fumigants

Insecticides that are gaseous at temperatures above 5 degrees Celsius. They are applied as a vapor or smoke.

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How do fumigants work?

Fumigants enter an insect's body through its spiracles (breathing holes) and spread through the tracheal system (air tubes). They then absorb into the body tissues.

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What makes Sulphur a good insecticide?

It's inexpensive, widely available, can be mixed with other pesticides, and has specific effects on target pests.

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Natural Insecticides

Insecticides derived from plants or other natural sources. They often have a broad spectrum of action but are less persistent than synthetics.

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Pyrethrins

Natural botanical insecticides derived from chrysanthemums. They have a broad spectrum of activity and are less toxic to mammals.

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Axonic Poisons

Insecticides that interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses (action potentials) along the axons of nerve cells.

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DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

A broad-spectrum, persistent insecticide that was developed during World War II. It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

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Biomagnification

The increase in concentration of certain toxic substances (like DDT) in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain.

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Pyrethroids

Synthetic insecticides that mimic pyrethrins. They are toxic to insects but less harmful to vertebrates.

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How do Pyrethroids work?

They act as axonic poisons by keeping the sodium channels in the axons open, preventing the establishment of a sodium gradient across the axon membrane.

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Pest Habitat Modification

Altering the environment to make it less suitable for pests by removing resources, restricting access, or changing conditions.

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Refugia Removal

Eliminating places where pests can hide, reproduce, or overwinter. Examples include removing standing water for mosquitoes, cleaning cracks for roaches, and removing crop residue.

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Physical Barriers

Using physical objects to prevent pests from reaching resources. Examples include insect netting, screens, and fences.

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Tillage

Mechanically disturbing the soil to expose soil-dwelling pests and make them vulnerable to predators and environmental conditions.

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Crop Rotation

Planting different crops in the same area over consecutive seasons to disrupt the life cycle of pests. This is especially effective for insects with immobile life stages.

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Manipulating Timing

Changing the timing of planting and harvest dates to mismatch the pest's life cycle with the crop's stage of development.

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Trap Cropping

Planting a crop that attracts the pest to a specific area, diverting pest infestations from the main crop. The trap crop can then be controlled without harming the main crop.

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Semiochemical Lures

Using synthetic pheromones or other chemicals to attract pests to traps or trap crops, further diverting them from the main crop.

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Conservation Biological Control

Managing the environment to boost the effectiveness of naturally occurring beneficial insects (natural enemies) in controlling pests.

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Natural Enemy Enhancement

Making the environment more favorable for natural enemies, such as providing food sources, shelter, or overwintering habitats.

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Pesticide Impact on Natural Enemies

Pesticides can negatively impact natural enemies by killing them or making them ineffective.

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Alternative Hosts

Providing a different type of food source for natural enemies to make their populations thrive.

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Refuge Habitats

Creating safe spaces for natural enemies to hide, lay eggs, or overwinter.

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Biological Control Pros

Benefits of using biological control methods over chemical pesticides, such as being more environmentally friendly and cost-effective.

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Pesticide Resistance

Pests evolving to become resistant to chemicals, making traditional pesticides less effective.

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Biological Control Cons

Potential downsides of biological control, such as needing more research, being slow to develop, and needing specific environmental conditions.

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Impact of Environment on Control Agents

Biological control agents can be affected by environmental factors like temperature, day length, and other organisms in the habitat.

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Classical Biological Control

Introducing natural enemies from a different place to fight pests in a new location.

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Insect Brain

The central processing unit of an insect, located in the head and responsible for coordinating sensory information, behavior, and learning. It receives information from the eyes, antennae, and body.

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Mushroom Bodies

A part of the insect brain responsible for learning and memory, receiving information from the eyes and ocelli.

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Subesophageal Ganglion

The main nerve center in the insect's thorax, connecting the brain to the rest of the central nervous system.

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Ganglia

Bundles of nerve cells located throughout the insect's body, responsible for controlling specific functions in different regions.

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Corpora Cardiaca

A pair of glands in the insect's head that produce neurohormones that stimulate the release of ecdysone.

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Ecdysone

A hormone responsible for moulting, growth, and development in insects. It is stimulated by the corpora cardiaca.

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Corpora Allata

A pair of glands in the insect's head that produce juvenile hormone.

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Juvenile Hormone

A hormone that regulates metamorphosis and reproductive maturation in insects. It works against ecdysone to keep the insect in its juvenile stage.

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Pheromones

Chemical signals released by insects that can alter the behavior and physiology of other individuals of the same species.

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Courtship Behaviors

Specialized actions and displays that insects engage in during mate selection, including dances, appearance changes, and the production of aphrodisiacs.

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Nuptial Gifts

Items provided by males to females during courtship, often in the form of food or spermatophylax (nutrients + spermatophore).

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Spermatheca

A sac located in the female insect's reproductive system that stores sperm received from males.

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Oviparity

A mode of reproduction where females lay eggs that develop outside of the body.

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Ovoviviparity

A mode of reproduction where embryos develop within the female's body but are not nourished by her tissues. They are released when they are ready to hatch.

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Viviparity

A mode of reproduction where embryos develop inside the female's body and are nourished through a connection with her tissues.

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Study Notes

Pre-Midterm Topics: Introduction to Insects and Terrestrial Relatives

  • Arthropods:

    • Possess jointed appendages
    • Exhibit bilateral symmetry
    • Have segmented bodies
    • Possess a ventral nerve cord
    • Have a dorsal blood vessel
    • Characterized by an exoskeleton

  • Hexapoda:

    • Includes all insects and some non-insect groups
    • Three tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
    • Six legs
    • One pair of antennae
    • Some have wings

  • Evolution and classification:

    • First arthropods emerged over 520 million years ago (Cambrian period).
    • First insects appeared approximately 400 million years ago.
    • Early examples included dragonflies (Odonata), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera).
    • More recent examples include bees (Hymenoptera).

Structure of the Cuticle

  • Cuticle layers:

    • Outermost: epicuticle (wax and cement layers)
    • Middle: exocuticle (hardened and pigmented)
    • Innermost: endocuticle (soft, flexible)
    • Basement membrane

  • Moulting (Ecdysis):

    • Apolysis: separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis
    • Secretion of digestive fluid to break down the old endocuticle
    • Ecdysis: the shedding of the old exoskeleton
    • The new cuticle hardens (tans)

Arthropod Keys to Success

  • Small body size
  • Efficient muscles
  • Passive dispersal ability

Metamorphosis

  • Ametabolous: without metamorphosis (gradual changes)
  • Hemimetabolous: incomplete metamorphosis (egg → nymph → adult)
  • Holometabolous: complete metamorphosis (egg → larva → pupa → adult)

Insect Body Regions and Other Features

  • Head: sensory organs, mouthparts
  • Thorax: legs, wings
  • Abdomen: internal organs
  • Gut microbes: aid in digestion of complex materials like wood
  • Mouthparts: different types (piercing-sucking, chewing, etc.)
  • Spiracles: openings in the exoskeleton connecting the trachea (respiratory system)
  • Other structures: depending on the order

Insect Locomotion

  • Passive dispersal: relying on external forces (wind, water currents)
  • Active dispersal: expending energy to move
  • Unusual locomotion: specific adaptations (example: water striders)

Insect Wings

  • Structure and function: Supported by a system of veins to supply oxygen, support, flexibility, and for movement
  • Modifications: Different wing shapes (tegmina, hemelytra, elytra) adapt to different lifestyles and functions
  • Flight musculature: Direct and indirect flight muscles allow for upstroke and downstroke movements

Nervous System

  • Neuron structure: Dendrites, cell body, axon.

  • Nerve signals: Neurotransmitters transmitted between neurons.

  • Peripheral Nervous System: Receptors (e.g., trichoid sensilla) detect environmental stimuli

  • Central Nervous System: Brain and the ventral nerve cord process and integrate signals

Hormonal Regulation

  • Corpora Cardiaca: produce neurohormones.
  • Corpora Allata: produce juvenile hormone affecting growth and reproduction.
  • Endosteryoids: affect moulting and developmental changes

Diapause

An insect behavioral process that allows it to survive unfavorable conditions

  • Happens when environmental conditions are not favorable

Insect Reproduction

  • Oviparity: Laying eggs outside of the body
  • Ovoviviparity: Embryos develop inside the female, eggs hatch right after laying.
  • Viviparity: Embryos develop within the female
  • Spermatophore: Structure containing sperm

Insect Sexual Reproduction/Conflict

  • Internal fertilization: The male and female reproductive organs come into contact inside the body of the female to ensure the egg is fertilized.
  • Conflict: differences between mate preference, courtship behaviour, gifts, and morphology.

Pollination

  • Methods: Insects (entomo~) transfer pollen between flowers
  • Evolutionary development
  • Specialists vs generalists
  • Pollinator cues (physical traits, odours) drive evolutionary modifications in plants and pollinators

Insect Migration

  • Physiological adaptation to environmental cues (e.g., changes in seasons, availability of resources).
  • Movement patterns (migration and dispersal) allow for population distribution.

Insects as Decomposers

  • Various roles
  • Key to nutrient cycling
  • Decomposition of organic matter, returning elements to the soil

Insect Feeding Guilds

  • Leafminers: consume leaves between leaves
  • Defoliators: Consume leaves with chewing mouthparts
  • Seed/fruit feeders: Consume seeds, fruits, and portions of the plant with specialized mouthparts
  • Sap feeders: Consume fluids with piercing-sucking mouthparts
  • Root feeders: Consume roots
  • Stem feeders: Consume plant stems

Insect Defenses

  • Physical (e.g., trichomes)
  • Chemical (e.g., secondary metabolites)

Insect and Plant relationships

  • Specialized relationships
  • Mimicry
  • Defense against herbivores
  • Symbiotic relationships with other organisms (e.g., ants and plants)

Pest Management

  • Four-Tiered IPM Approach:
      1. Economic threshold
      1. Identification and monitoring
      1. Prevention
      1. Control

Insect resistance and Mechanisms of Resistance

  • Penetration resistance: Thickened exoskeleton or metabolic adaptations to less readily absorb insecticides.
  • Cross-resistance: Resistance to one insecticide leading to resistance to other insecticides
  • Behavioral resistance: Changes in feeding patterns or behaviours to avoid contact with insecticide.
  • Metabolic Resistance: The insect possessing enzymes to break down insecticide within.
  • Altered target site resistance: Modification of receptors that reduce their ability to bind to insecticide.

Insect Conservation

  • Rationale and Need: The goal of conservation biology is to conserve threatened species and overall biodiversity (understanding niches).
  • Conservation Projects: Prioritize species, populations, and habitats to sustain biodiversity (habitats).
  • Management Plans: Conservation projects involve measures of biodiversity, abundance, and species interactions.

Biological and Cultural Controls

  • Biological Controls: Introduction/release of natural enemies (parasites, pathogens, predators) to control pest populations.
  • Cultural Controls: Adjusting environmental conditions to reduce pest populations through altered planting/cropping schedules, crop rotaions, or resource managemet.

Post-Midterm Topics: Pollination and Beekeeping

  • Pollination mechanisms: Wind/water, entomophilous, etc.

  • Evolutionary history: co-evolution between plants and pollinators leading to structural and behavioral adaptation.

  • Generalist vs specialist pollinators:

    • Specialists have a more focused relationship with one or a few plant species.
    • Generalists are adaptable to various flower species.

  • Important insect pollinators: e.g., Bees, butterflies, etc.

  • Pollinator cues: Colour, odour, nectar guides, UV patterns for bees.

  • Insecticide impacts on pollinators:

  • Ecological impacts of pollination: Consequences for plant reproduction, seed dispersal, etc.

  • Pollination and human activities: Benefits of insect pollination, impact of human influence, beekeeping.

Insects as Disease Vectors

  • Types of Hosts: Definitive host (where the pathogen undergoes reproductive cycle) vs intermediate host (where the pathogen might not reproduce) & Transmission.
  • Routes of Transmission: Mechanical (direct contact) vs. Biological (pathogen multiplies and/or develops inside).

Insects and Disease Causes

  • Etiological agents: organisms that directly cause disease
  • Pathology: The development, cause and effect of diseases.
  • Examples (at the broader level) include Lice, Ticks or Bed bugs.

Insects and Human Culture

  • Historical context: role in mythology, art, and societal perceptions, use in various applications and trades. -Examples of use (in the broadest sense) include: art, medicine, etc.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various insect orders and their unique characteristics in this quiz. Explore topics such as holometabolous life cycles, reproductive traits of Hymenoptera, and mouthparts of Hemiptera. Perfect for biology enthusiasts looking to deepen their understanding of entomology.

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