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Questions and Answers
What is the optimal temperature for the active feeding of insects and ticks mentioned in the passage?
What is the optimal temperature for the active feeding of insects and ticks mentioned in the passage?
When does the death of phytophages typically occur after treatment with BT drugs?
When does the death of phytophages typically occur after treatment with BT drugs?
What is the waiting period after using BT-based drugs in organic farming?
What is the waiting period after using BT-based drugs in organic farming?
What is the primary action of BT-based drugs on phytophages?
What is the primary action of BT-based drugs on phytophages?
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What is the main advantage of transgenic plants based on Bacillus thuringiensis compared to the technology of spraying with bacterial preparations?
What is the main advantage of transgenic plants based on Bacillus thuringiensis compared to the technology of spraying with bacterial preparations?
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What does the cultivation of BT plants contribute to, according to world experience?
What does the cultivation of BT plants contribute to, according to world experience?
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What does Bacillus thuringiensis synthesize that is promising for biocontrol?
What does Bacillus thuringiensis synthesize that is promising for biocontrol?
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What is the focus of plant protection in recent decades?
What is the focus of plant protection in recent decades?
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What percentage of the total number of permitted drugs are biological insecticides and acaricides?
What percentage of the total number of permitted drugs are biological insecticides and acaricides?
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What are examples of entomopathogenic preparations mentioned in the text?
What are examples of entomopathogenic preparations mentioned in the text?
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What is the share of entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, microbial toxins, and regulators of growth in terms of active substances for future preparations?
What is the share of entomopathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, microbial toxins, and regulators of growth in terms of active substances for future preparations?
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What is the primary focus of microbiological control in ecosystems?
What is the primary focus of microbiological control in ecosystems?
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How has the scientific intensity of crop production changed in recent years?
How has the scientific intensity of crop production changed in recent years?
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What is the role of BT in insect control?
What is the role of BT in insect control?
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What is the specific designation for the genes encoding insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins?
What is the specific designation for the genes encoding insecticidal delta-endotoxin proteins?
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Which type of BT cultures have a wider spectrum of entomocidal action and are promising for drug production?
Which type of BT cultures have a wider spectrum of entomocidal action and are promising for drug production?
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What makes the safety of BT and its metabolites widely accepted in plant protection practice?
What makes the safety of BT and its metabolites widely accepted in plant protection practice?
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Which group of entomofauna is crystalline endotoxin toxic to?
Which group of entomofauna is crystalline endotoxin toxic to?
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What is the mechanism by which some BT subspecies inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
What is the mechanism by which some BT subspecies inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
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Which entomopathogen is the most commonly used in the global biopesticide market?
Which entomopathogen is the most commonly used in the global biopesticide market?
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When was the first commercial BT product introduced in the USA?
When was the first commercial BT product introduced in the USA?
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What is the mechanism of action of BT determined by?
What is the mechanism of action of BT determined by?
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What does crystalline delta-endotoxin have a thermolabile protein structure and is insoluble in water but soluble in alkaline solutions?
What does crystalline delta-endotoxin have a thermolabile protein structure and is insoluble in water but soluble in alkaline solutions?
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Where was the first bacterial insecticide, Entobacterin, produced?
Where was the first bacterial insecticide, Entobacterin, produced?
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Which complex preparation is effective against leaf-eating pests and some plant diseases and has been created and used in Belarus?
Which complex preparation is effective against leaf-eating pests and some plant diseases and has been created and used in Belarus?
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Study Notes
- Entomopathogens, natural elements found in biocenosis, serve as basis for biological preparations against plant pests.
- Bacterial, viral, fungal and other drugs are distinguished based on the nature of entomopathogens.
- Bacterial insecticides and acaricides are derived from entomopathogenic bacilli, with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (BT) being the most commonly used.
- BT is a soil, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium with approximately 90-95% share in the global biopesticide market.
- Over 70 BT varieties effective against phytophages have been identified, with high selectivity, safety for useful entomofauna, fish, and warm-blooded animals.
- First bacterial insecticide, Entobacterin, was produced in the Soviet Union in the early 1950s.
- First commercial BT products were introduced in France in 1938 and the USA in 1958.
- Bactospeine, Foray, Biobit, DiPel and others are well-known commercial products based on BT.
- Complex preparation Xantrel, effective against leaf-eating pests and some plant diseases, has been created and used in Belarus.
- BT is found in various types of soils, on plant surfaces, in leaf litter, and in insect bodies.
- BT isolates are found on different continents and in most countries worldwide.
- BT-based preparations are safe for humans and warm-blooded animals, non-target organisms, and the environment.
- Mechanism of action of BT is determined by parasporal toxins (Cry and Cyt) or soluble Vip and Sip toxins.
- Numerous non-toxic BT virulence factors, such as metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics, and fragments imitating nucleotides, affect insects differently.
- Bacteria cause diseases, leading to septicemia and the release of crystalline delta-endotoxin, which degrades under intestinal enzymes to release a true toxin.
- Crystalline delta-endotoxin has a thermolabile protein structure and varies in shape, being insoluble in water but soluble in alkaline solutions.
- Endotoxin causes pathological processes, including structural disorganization of the intestinal epithelium, permitting the bacterium's participation in the septicemia.
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Description
Learn about the mechanisms of action of hydrolyzed toxins on insect midgut receptors and the resulting physiological changes. Understand why crystalline endotoxin is toxic to insects but not to mammals.
