Podcast
Questions and Answers
Host defense mechanisms include cuticular barrier and ______ membrane, which some fungal spores must overcome
Host defense mechanisms include cuticular barrier and ______ membrane, which some fungal spores must overcome
peritrophic
Melanin, produced during the prophenoloxidase cascade, plays a role in preventing fungal invasion but is not very effective against ______ strains
Melanin, produced during the prophenoloxidase cascade, plays a role in preventing fungal invasion but is not very effective against ______ strains
virulent
Hemocytes are the main immune cells in insects, and ______ are responsible for encapsulation
Hemocytes are the main immune cells in insects, and ______ are responsible for encapsulation
lamellocytes
Encapsulation is a cellular defense mechanism against large, non-self objects, such as ______ hyphae
Encapsulation is a cellular defense mechanism against large, non-self objects, such as ______ hyphae
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Humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the main effectors, which can reach high concentrations in the ______
Humoral immune response includes the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the main effectors, which can reach high concentrations in the ______
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Anisopliae, including Varroa mites, can be assessed for biocontrol potential against possible hosts using Sabouraud’s dextrose ______ with 1% yeast extract for solid medium and yeast extract/dextrose broth for liquid media
Anisopliae, including Varroa mites, can be assessed for biocontrol potential against possible hosts using Sabouraud’s dextrose ______ with 1% yeast extract for solid medium and yeast extract/dextrose broth for liquid media
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Before assessment, insects are ______ using 1% sodium hypochlorite solution, physiological saline, or distilled water with 0.1% Tween 80
Before assessment, insects are ______ using 1% sodium hypochlorite solution, physiological saline, or distilled water with 0.1% Tween 80
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Infecting hosts with fungal pathogens is done by ______ them in a spore/conidial suspension for a few seconds or making them walk on a gauze soaked in the suspension
Infecting hosts with fungal pathogens is done by ______ them in a spore/conidial suspension for a few seconds or making them walk on a gauze soaked in the suspension
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Varroa mites are then placed on ______ dishes and incubated at room temperature and relative humidity above 80%. They are given honey bee larvae for sustenance
Varroa mites are then placed on ______ dishes and incubated at room temperature and relative humidity above 80%. They are given honey bee larvae for sustenance
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Fungal pathogens of mites, such as Beauveria bassiana, ______, Hirsutella, and Metarhizium, have been studied for their biocontrol potential against Varroa destructor, Aethina tumida, and Vespidae
Fungal pathogens of mites, such as Beauveria bassiana, ______, Hirsutella, and Metarhizium, have been studied for their biocontrol potential against Varroa destructor, Aethina tumida, and Vespidae
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Recognition of intruders is initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and β-glucan-binding proteins, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like ______
Recognition of intruders is initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and β-glucan-binding proteins, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like ______
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TLR recognition of fungal microorganisms triggers a cascade reaction, leading to translocation of transcription factors and production of ______
TLR recognition of fungal microorganisms triggers a cascade reaction, leading to translocation of transcription factors and production of ______
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Other immune-related molecules produced by insects include lysozyme, Alternative protein sources, apolipophorin III, hemocyanin, and ______
Other immune-related molecules produced by insects include lysozyme, Alternative protein sources, apolipophorin III, hemocyanin, and ______
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Entomopathogenic fungi have evolved strategies to evade or overcome host defense systems, such as morphological changes and immune ______
Entomopathogenic fungi have evolved strategies to evade or overcome host defense systems, such as morphological changes and immune ______
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Fungal growth can be inhibited by antibacterial agents and selective media additives like dodine, cyclohexamide, or ______
Fungal growth can be inhibited by antibacterial agents and selective media additives like dodine, cyclohexamide, or ______
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Entomopathogenic fungi are mainly found in Ascomycota and ______ phyla
Entomopathogenic fungi are mainly found in Ascomycota and ______ phyla
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The appressorium is a specialized structure that aids in concentrating physical and chemical energy on a small area of the cuticle for a successful ______
The appressorium is a specialized structure that aids in concentrating physical and chemical energy on a small area of the cuticle for a successful ______
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Neuromuscular toxins such as beauvericin, beauverolide, bassianolide, and isarolide are produced by entomopathogenic fungi, causing symptoms like paralysis, slowness, and reduced responsiveness to external ______
Neuromuscular toxins such as beauvericin, beauverolide, bassianolide, and isarolide are produced by entomopathogenic fungi, causing symptoms like paralysis, slowness, and reduced responsiveness to external ______
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Entomopathogenic fungi produce various cuticle-degrading enzymes, such as proteases, endoproteases, esterases, lipases, and chitinases, and organic ______
Entomopathogenic fungi produce various cuticle-degrading enzymes, such as proteases, endoproteases, esterases, lipases, and chitinases, and organic ______
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Entomopathogenic fungi have low to no residual toxicity and are developed as microbial insecticides for controlling pest arthropods in agriculture, forestry, and urban ______
Entomopathogenic fungi have low to no residual toxicity and are developed as microbial insecticides for controlling pest arthropods in agriculture, forestry, and urban ______
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Study Notes
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The fat body is the main production site for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in insects.
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Several types of AMPs have been identified, including defensins, cecoprins, diptericins, apidaecins, and hymenoptaecins.
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Defensins have a broad spectrum of action against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protists.
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Recognition of intruders is initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and β-glucan-binding proteins, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) like lipolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans (PGN), and β-1.3 glycans.
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The humoral immune response to fungal infections is mediated by the Toll pathway.
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TLR recognition of fungal microorganisms triggers a cascade reaction, leading to translocation of transcription factors and production of AMPs.
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Toll pathway receptors can recognize PGNs with L-lysine residues.
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JNK and JAK/STAT pathways are also involved in synthesizing antibacterial AMPs and stress/injury response proteins during fungal infections.
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Other immune-related molecules produced by insects include lysozyme, Alternative protein sources, apolipophorin III, hemocyanin, and transferrin.
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Transferrin expression is increased during B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infections.
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Social insects exhibit grooming behavior, which helps prevent fungal colonization and may release fungistatic chitinase secretions.
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Entomopathogenic fungi have evolved strategies to evade or overcome host defense systems, such as morphological changes and immune suppression.
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Hypocreales fungi form thin-walled hyphal bodies to speed up dispersion and avoid detection.
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More virulent fungal strains can reduce the number of granulocytes.
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Entomopathogenic fungi in the Entomophthoromycota phylum take the form of protoplasts to evade detection and mask immunogenic carbohydrates.
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Entomopathogenic fungi secrete secondary metabolites to cause paralysis and suppress immune responses.
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Entomopathogenic fungi can be isolated using selective media, insect bait methods, or by harvesting from insect corpses.
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Sample preparation is crucial for isolation, involving washes with surfactants and disinfection with sterilizing agents.
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Environmental conditions such as high humidity and temperature are necessary for fungal growth.
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Fungal growth can be inhibited by antibacterial agents and selective media additives like dodine, cyclohexamide, or benomyl.
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Incubation should occur in darkness at ambient temperature for 5-7 days.
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B. bassiana can be cultured on various media, including SMAY, PDA, and PDB.
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M. anisopliae requires specific media for optimal growth.
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The text discusses the common ways of assigning fungi to groups, focusing on entomopathogenic fungi and their characteristics.
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Entomopathogenic fungi are mainly found in Ascomycota and Entomophthoromycota phyla.
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Hypocreales order in Ascomycota contains important entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria, Isaria, Hirsutella, Metarhizium, and Cordyceps.
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Entomopathogenic fungi are parasitic organisms, which can infect insects and other arthropods like mites and ticks.
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They have a heterotrophic metabolism, which makes them dependent on a host organism.
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Entomopathogenic fungi can control natural insect populations by limiting their spread.
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Infection begins when the spores adhere to the host's cuticle, followed by germination, penetration, and growth within the cuticle interstices.
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Entomopathogenic fungi produce various cuticle-degrading enzymes, such as proteases, endoproteases, esterases, lipases, and chitinases, and organic acids.
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The appressorium is a specialized structure that aids in concentrating physical and chemical energy on a small area of the cuticle for a successful attachment.
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Once the immune response system is avoided, the fungus causes a depletion of nutrients and destruction of tissues, leading to insect death through factors like mechanical damage, nutrient depletion, and toxicosis.
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Neuromuscular toxins such as beauvericin, beauverolide, bassianolide, and isarolide are produced by entomopathogenic fungi, causing symptoms like paralysis, slowness, and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli.
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Entomopathogenic fungi have low to no residual toxicity and are developed as microbial insecticides for controlling pest arthropods in agriculture, forestry, and urban environments.
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Description
Test your knowledge of how secondary metabolites affect the immune response in insects and facilitate pathogen settlement. Explore the role of destruxins in depolarizing muscle membranes and influencing insect hemocytes.
