Insect Control Methods: Tsetse and Warble Flies

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant disadvantage of traditional warble fly treatment methods?

They kill larvae too early during migration.

They are only effective in winter.

They do not affect the adult flies.

They require multiple treatments during the warble season. (correct)

Which method is the most acceptable for administering systemic insecticides?

Oral administration

Dermal application using a 'pour-on' formulation (correct)

Parenteral injection

Spraying with a mist applicator

What is the primary action of organophosphorus insecticides against warble fly larvae?

Controlling larvae in the early stages of migration (correct)

Repelling adult flies from laying eggs

Activating the pupae before they emerge

Killing larvae as they migrate through the host's body

During which months can insecticides not be effectively used for controlling larvae in the oesophagus or spinal canal?

December to March Signup and view all the answers

What percentage control of infection can be achieved using the available organophosphate compounds?

90% or more Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used for controlling Tsetse flies?

Use of insecticides Signup and view all the answers

Which insecticide has shown effectiveness in eradicating Glossina species when applied as wettable powder?

Dieldrin Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor limiting aerial insecticide application for Tsetse fly control?

Temperature inversion conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques allows selective application of insecticides for G.tachinoides?

Spot spraying up to 70 cm from the ground Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern with wholesale clearing of bushes in Tsetse fly management?

Cost and environmental impact Signup and view all the answers

In the context of aerial spraying for Tsetse control, which formulation is most extensively used?

Dieldrin ultra-low-volume Signup and view all the answers

What notable achievement was made by Nigerian authorities in Tsetse fly management?

Reclaimed 180,000 km of Tsetse-infested country Signup and view all the answers

The genus Gasterophilus is now classified under which family?

Gasterophilidae Signup and view all the answers

What does G.palpalis prefer as its primary source of blood?

Warm-blooded animals, preferably human blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason G.morsitans cannot exist permanently where big game is absent?

It has a long pupal period Signup and view all the answers

Which control method for tsetse flies is currently emphasized in modern practices?

Insecticides use Signup and view all the answers

During which season does G.palpalis typically ascend to the upper limits of rivers?

Rainy seasons Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main reasons for the effectiveness of bush-clearing in controlling flies like G.palpalis?

It reduces the shaded areas flies need for survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the habitat preferences of Glossina species?

They are restricted to permanent haunts during bad seasons. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is mentioned as impractical for large areas while tracking fly density?

Catching with hand nets Signup and view all the answers

What factor plays a crucial role in the prevalence of tsetse flies?

The number and suitability of hosts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tsetse Fly Control

Insecticides are the primary method for controlling tsetse flies.
Persistent insecticides like DDT and dieldrin applied from the ground have been successful in eradicating tsetse flies in areas like Sudan and Nigeria.
Discriminative application of insecticides is effective, targeting specific areas like riverine vegetation where flies congregate.
Aerial spraying using helicopters, especially during dry seasons and specific temperature conditions, has yielded positive results in controlling tsetse fly populations.
Non-persistent insecticides sprayed from the air at regular intervals, coinciding with the pupal stage of the flies, are another effective method.
Endosulfan and isobenzan are examples of non-persistent insecticides used for tsetse fly control.

Warble Fly Control

Organophosphorus systemic insecticides are effective in controlling warble fly larvae before they cause significant damage to cattle.
These insecticides are applied once during the autumn or winter before larvae appear on cattle.
Oral, parenteral, and dermal application methods are available, with pour-on formulations being the most common.
Crufofnate, famphur, fenthion, and phospmet are examples of organophosphate compounds used for warble fly control.
Systemic insecticides are highly effective in controlling warble fly infections, reducing infestations by 90% or more

Tsetse Fly Ecology

Primary fly centers are areas where flies congregate during unfavorable seasons due to factors like vegetation and water availability.
Flies migrate outwards from primary fly centers to temporary haunts during favorable seasons.
Host preference is a key factor in tsetse fly distribution, with some species preferring specific hosts like humans or large mammals.
G. palpalis thrives best on the blood of warm-blooded animals, including humans and crocodiles, but is not dependent on big game for its existence.
G. morsitans feeds on various large mammals and birds but requires the presence of big game or cattle for long-term survival.

Other Tsetse Fly Control Methods

Bush-clearing is an important method of control, particularly for flies like G. palpalis that require shade.
Clearing vegetation around settlements, wells, landing places, and roads helps reduce fly populations and protect humans.
Hand netting is only effective for smaller areas and is primarily used for population density monitoring.
Trapping methods, based on the fly's attraction to shadows, are widely used for capturing tsetse flies.
Slaughter of game and bush-clearing were older methods of control but are rarely used today.

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Description

This quiz covers various methods of controlling tsetse and warble flies, emphasizing the use of insecticides, application techniques, and targeted strategies. Learn about the effectiveness of different types of insecticides and their application methods in managing these pests in cattle and agricultural regions.