Input/Output Devices Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a device driver?

  • Optimize the processing speed of the operating system.
  • Convert serial bitstreams to block bytes and perform error correction. (correct)
  • Manage multiple I/O devices simultaneously.
  • Provide a user interface for hardware devices.

    • Which of the following is NOT classified as a human-readable device?

  • Laser printer (correct)
  • Mouse
  • Audio-related devices
  • Keyboard

    • How do I/O devices typically communicate with a computer system?

  • By sending signals over a cable or through air. (correct)
  • By utilizing internal software protocols.
  • By using wireless signals only.
  • By storing data in temporary memory.

    • What defines a bus in computer architecture?

    <p>A collection of wires with a defined protocol for transmitting messages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of I/O device is suitable for communicating with remote devices?

    <p>Communication devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be present for an I/O device to successfully communicate with the operating system?

    <p>A physical connection point and a corresponding driver software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a machine-readable device?

    <p>Digital line driver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does NOT commonly differentiate I/O devices?

    <p>Device size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the data transfer rate refer to?

    <p>The volume of data moved within a specific time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes a block-oriented device?

    <p>Stores information in fixed-size blocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does control complexity relate to?

    <p>The difficulty of operating the device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of I/O device is characterized by transferring large blocks of data at a time?

    <p>Block-oriented device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in data representation for I/O devices?

    <p>The data encoding scheme employed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of error conditions does the term 'reporting' refer to?

    <p>How errors are indicated by the device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a mechanical component of an I/O device?

    <p>It physically interacts with the data being processed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a primary factor when distinguishing between different types of I/O devices?

    <p>The price point of the device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is used to store the starting location in memory during a read or write operation?

    <p>Address register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Logical I/O layer manage in relation to device interaction?

    <p>User-level commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might an application choose to increase the I/O size?

    <p>To reduce processing time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the functions managed by the Logical I/O layer?

    <p>Managing hardware interrupts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of the data count register in the I/O process?

    <p>Keeping track of the I/O size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task is NOT part of the cost-related areas considered when selecting the size of the I/O?

    <p>Transmitting data over network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential function involved in the mode or context switching during I/O operations?

    <p>Mapping addresses to devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is primarily concerned with ensuring that the right processes have the necessary permissions to perform I/O operations?

    <p>Checking process privileges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a stream-oriented device?

    <p>Transmits data as a continuous stream of bytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for converting requested operations into a sequence of I/O instructions?

    <p>Device I/O Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In programmed I/O, what does the processor do to interact with I/O devices?

    <p>Cross-examines I/O devices to check their readiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during blocking I/O instructions?

    <p>The processor schedules another process after blocking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the direct memory access (DMA) module?

    <p>To manage the exchange of data between main memory and devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique allows the processor to continue executing instructions during nonblocking I/O operations?

    <p>Interrupt-driven I/O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the scheduling and control layer facilitate I/O operations?

    <p>By queuing and scheduling operations as well as handling interrupts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly differentiates the logical and communication architecture layers?

    <p>The logical layer is used in communication devices, while the communication layer replaces it for others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the First-in First-out (FIFO) scheduling policy?

    <p>It processes requests in the order they arrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which condition does FIFO scheduling perform well?

    <p>When requests are clustered to access file sectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the N-step SCAN scheduling policy?

    <p>To process sub-queues of fixed length while adding new requests to another queue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the N-step SCAN queue ends up with fewer than N requests?

    <p>All remaining requests are processed in the next scan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the FSCAN policy organize requests during its operation?

    <p>Requests are initially placed into a single sub-queue, while the other is used for new entries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using FIFO scheduling when many processes compete for disk access?

    <p>It leads to unequal access among processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario is the Last-in First-out (LIFO) policy commonly used?

    <p>In transaction-processing systems that prioritize recent requests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of using a more sophisticated disk scheduling policy compared to FIFO?

    <p>Increased performance when handling various processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of caches in operating systems?

    <p>To improve file system read performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cache memory reduce average memory access time?

    <p>By exploiting principles of locality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RAID level has similar read performance to RAID 0 but lower write performance?

    <p>RAID 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a disk cache serve as in the context of memory?

    <p>A buffer in the main memory for disk sectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding caching?

    <p>Caching can also improve write performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is caching important for memory allocation performance?

    <p>It retains results of commonly performed operations for future use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of read and write performance, how does RAID 5 compare to RAID 0?

    <p>RAID 5 has similar read performance and lower write performance than RAID 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is typically faster and smaller than main memory?

    <p>Cache memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Input/Output Devices

    • Input/output (I/O) devices are hardware that accepts, outputs, and manages data processing
    • Examples include scanners, printers, mice, keyboards, and more
    • I/O devices can be categorized as human-readable, machine-readable, or communication devices
    • Human-readable devices aid human interaction (e.g. keyboard, mouse)
    • Machine-readable devices communicate with electronic equipment (e.g. sensors, controllers)
    • Communication devices connect with remote devices (e.g. modems, digital line drivers)

    Key Differences of I/O Devices

    • Data transfer rate: Speed of data movement
    • Application: Specific use of the device
    • Control complexity: Difficulty in operating the device
    • Unit of transfer: Data transfer as a stream or block (e.g. character or block device)
    • Data representation: Data encoding scheme (character codes, parity)
    • Error conditions: Nature, reporting, and consequences of errors

    I/O Device Communication

    • Devices communicate via cables or air (ports)
    • Shared wires form a bus with a defined protocol
    • A device driver is software that tells the operating system how to communicate with an I/O device
    • A device controller acts as an interface between the hardware device and the software

    Types of I/O Devices

    • Block-oriented devices store data in fixed-size blocks, transferring one block at a time (e.g., hard drives, flash drives)
    • Stream-oriented devices transmit data as a continuous stream of bytes (e.g. most non-storage devices)

    Logical Structure of I/O Functions

    • Programmed I/O: Processor directly checks device readiness
    • Interrupt-driven I/O: Processor handles I/O commands; non-blocking or blocking
    • Direct Memory Access (DMA): DMA module controls data transfer between main memory and the device; involves indications (read/write), addresses, and data amounts
    • These techniques are dependent on the device type.

    I/O Structure of Communication Devices

    • Similar structure to an I/O function but includes the communication architecture layer replacing the logical I/O layer in a communication setup.

    Disk Scheduling and Cache

    • Seek time: Time to move the disk arm to the desired track,
    • Rotational delay: Time for needed data to rotate under the read/write head
    • Transfer time: Data transfer time depending on rotation speed; measured by bytes/ (rotational speed * bytes per track)
    • Disk Scheduling policies (e.g. FIFO, SSTF, SCAN) determine scheduling of disk requests to reduce average seek time in requests.
    • Buffering: Technique smoothing peak demands on I/O operations.
      • Single buffering: One system buffer; simple; for block or stream devices
      • Double buffering: Two system buffers ;process transfers data to/from one while OS empties/fills the other; called buffer swapping

    RAID and Caches

    • RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disk) is a scheme for multiple disk database design to improve data reliability and recoverability
    • Caches are used by operating systems to improve read performance, and, in some cases, write performance as well; storing results in smaller faster local memory for future use

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    Related Documents

    I/O Devices - Input/Output Management PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of input and output devices in this quiz. Learn about their categorization, key differences, and communication methods. Test your understanding of how these devices manage data processing and their applications.

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