Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual - First Stage

A chemical compound that contains water molecules within its crystal structure, and these water molecules are essential for maintaining the crystal's shape.

The process of removing water molecules from a hydrated salt crystal.

The ratio of water molecules to salt molecules in a hydrated salt crystal.

The mass of water that is present in a hydrated salt.

The chemical formula that represents the composition of a hydrated salt, including the number of water molecules.

The percentage of water by mass in a hydrated salt.

The change in mass of a hydrated salt after it has been heated to remove the water.

A method used to experimentally determine the percentage of water in a hydrated salt.

A compound that forms crystals with a specific structure, containing sulfate ions, a trivalent cation (like Al3+, Cr3+, or Fe3+), and a monovalent cation (like K+, Na+, or NH4+).

A substance that helps dyes stick to fabric. It contains metal ions that bind to the fabric fibers.

The process of separating different components of a mixture based on their different affinities for a stationary phase (like chromatography paper) and a mobile phase (like a solvent).

The ability of a liquid to move upwards in a narrow tube or space due to the forces of adhesion and cohesion.

A substance used to dissolve other substances, creating a solution.

A solution containing a metal ion that binds to a dye, making the dye adhere to the fabric.

The process of forming crystals from a solution.

The process of chemically changing a substance into a different substance.

A measure of how strongly a solute interacts with the stationary phase in chromatography. RF values range from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates no affinity for the stationary phase and the solute travels with the solvent front.

A technique used to separate mixtures of compounds based on their different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. It's commonly used to test the purity of compounds and identify substances.

The component of a chromatography system that remains stationary, typically a piece of filter paper in paper chromatography. The stationary phase interacts differently with various components of the mixture being analyzed.

The component of a chromatography system that moves, typically a solvent in paper chromatography. The mobile phase carries the mixture components along the stationary phase, with different components interacting differently and therefore migrating at different speeds.

The difference in how readily various molecules in a mixture dissolve in the mobile phase. This difference leads to the separation of components as they move at different speeds through the stationary phase.

The process of applying a small sample onto the stationary phase in chromatography. This is often done with a capillary tube to ensure a small, concentrated spot.

The distance traveled by a component in a chromatography system, divided by the distance travelled by the solvent front during the same time. It's a measure of how far a component has moved relative to the solvent front.

The point at which the solvent front reaches the top of the stationary phase in chromatography. It's used as a reference point to calculate the RF values of the components in the mixture.

A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons by a reactant, resulting in a decrease in its oxidation state.

The tendency of an atom, ion, or molecule to attract electrons towards itself.

A chemical compound containing a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) bonded to a carbon atom.

A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance gains oxygen atoms or loses hydrogen atoms, resulting in an increase in its oxidation state.

A compound that can accept an electron pair to form a coordinate bond. This results in a 'new' bond between the two atoms.

A chemical compound that can donate an electron pair to form a coordinate bond. The electron pair is transferred from the lone pair to the Lewis acid.

A reaction where a substance reacts with another substance to form a new compound with a higher oxidation state. The reactant undergoing oxidation loses electrons, while the oxidizing agent gains electrons.

A reaction where a substance reacts with another substance to form a new compound with a lower oxidation state. The reactant undergoing reduction gains electrons, while the reducing agent loses electrons.

Calcium peroxide (CaO2) is a solid peroxide with a white or yellowish color. It is insoluble in water but can dissolve in acid, forming hydrogen peroxide. When in contact with water, it decomposes releasing oxygen.

Calcium peroxide can be prepared by reacting solutions of calcium salts and sodium peroxide, followed by crystallization. The octahydrate can be synthesized by reacting calcium hydroxide with dilute hydrogen peroxide.

Calcium peroxide has various uses in different industries. In agriculture, it acts as an oxygen fertilizer and is used in rice seed treatments. It's also used to oxygenate and disinfect water in aquaculture and for soil treatment in environmental restoration.

Calcium peroxide is used in a similar way to magnesium peroxide in environmental restoration programs. By stimulating aerobic microbial degradation of contaminants, it helps restore soils and groundwater polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Calcium peroxide is a food additive with the E number E930. It acts as a flour bleaching agent and improves flour quality.

Calcium peroxide can be synthesized by reacting calcium hydroxide with dilute hydrogen peroxide. The resulting solution is then cooled and concentrated ammonia solution is added to precipitate calcium peroxide octahydrate.

Calcium peroxide has many applications in industries like agriculture, aquaculture, environmental restoration, and food production.

The main methods for preparing calcium peroxide include reacting calcium salts with sodium peroxide and reacting calcium hydroxide with dilute hydrogen peroxide.