Inorganic and Organic Reactions

• This note covers inorganic and organic reactions.

Inorganic Reactions

• Cold dilute NaOH reacts with Cl2 to produce NaCl, NaClO, and H2O.
• Hot concentrated NaOH reacts with Cl2​ to produce 5NaCl, NaClO3​, and 3H2​O.
• Sodium oxide (Na2O) reacts with water to form NaOH.
• Na2O reacts with 2HCl to produce 2NaCl and H2O.
• Magnesium oxide (MgO) reacts with water to form Mg(OH)2.
• MgO reacts with 2HCl to produce MgCl2 and H2O.
• Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) does not react with water.
• Al2O3 reacts with 6HCl to produce 2AlCl3 and 3H2O.
• Al2O3 reacts with 2NaOH and 3H2O to produce 2NaAl(OH)4.
• Silicon dioxide (SiO2) does not react with water.
• SiO2 reacts with hot NaOH to produce NaSiO3 and H2O.
• P4O10 reacts with 6H2O to produce 4H3PO4.
• P4O10 reacts with 12NaOH to produce 4Na3PO4 and 6H2O.
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with water to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3).
• SO2 reacts with 2NaOH to produce Na2SO3 and H2O.
• NaSO3 reacts with H2O and SO2 to produce 2NaHSO3.
• CaO reacts with SO2 to produce CaSO3.
• CaO reacts with SO2, 2H2O and ½O2 to produce CaSO4.2H2O.
• CaCO3 reacts with SO2 to produce CaSO3 and CO2.
• Ca(OH)2 reacts with SO2 to produce CaSO3 and H2O.
• CaO reacts with ½O2 and SO2 to produce CaSO4.
• 2Na(s) reacts with Cl2(g) to produce 2NaCl(s).
• Mg(s) reacts with Cl2(g) to produce MgCl2(s).
• 2Al(s) reacts with 3Cl2(g) to produce Al2Cl6(s).
• Si(s) reacts with 2Cl2(g) to produce SiCl4(l).
• 2P(s) reacts with 5Cl2(g) to produce PCl5(s).
• Al2Cl6 reacts with 12H2O to produce 2[Al(H2O)6]3+ and 6Cl-.
• SiCl4 reacts with 2H2O to produce SiO2 and 4HCl.
• PCl5 reacts with 4H2O to produce H3PO4 and 5HCl.
• 2M(s) reacts with O2 to produce 2MO, where M is a metal.
• Mg(s) reacts with 2H2O (cold) to produce Mg(OH)2 and H2.
• Mg(s) reacts with H2O (hot) to produce MgO and H2.
• M(s) reacts with 2H2O to produce M(OH)2 + H2, where M is Ca, Sr, Ba.
• M(s) reacts with H2SO4 to produce MSO4 + H2, where M is a metal.
• M(s) reacts with 2H+ to produce M2+ + H2, where M is a metal.
• MgO reacts with H2O to produce Mg(OH)2 with a pH of 9.
• CaO reacts with H2O to produce Ca(OH)2 with a pH of 11-13.
• MO reacts with H2O to produce M(OH)2 with a pH of 12-14, where M is Sr, Ba, Ra.
• MO reacts with H2SO4 to produce MSO4 + H2O, where M is a metal.
• MO reacts with 2H+ to produce M2+ + H2O, where M is a metal.
• M(OH)2 reacts with H2SO4 to produce MSO4 + 2H2O, where M is a metal.
• M(OH)2 reacts with 2H+ to produce M2+ + 2H2O, where M is a metal.
• CO2 reacts with H2O and CaCO3 to produce Ca(HCO3)2.
• Ca(HCO3)2 undergoes thermal decomposition to produce CaCO3, CO2, and H2O.
• MgCO3 reacts with HNO3 to produce Mg(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O.
• MgCO3 reacts with 2H+ to produce Mg2+ + CO2 + H2O.
• CO2 reacts with Ca(OH)2 to produce CaCO3 + H2O.
• M(NO3)2 undergoes thermal decomposition to MO + 2NO2 + ½O2, where M = Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba. This produces a brown gas, and the solid melts.
• MCO3 decomposes to MO + CO2
• Cl2 reacts with H2O to produce HCl + HOCl.
• Br2 reacts with H2O to produce HBr + HOBr.
• H2 reacts with Cl2 to produce 2HCl; also forms 2HBr, 2HI, and NH4Cl(s).
• NaCl reacts with conc H2SO4 to produce HCl + NaHSO4.
• 2NaCl reacts with H2SO4 to produce 2HCl + Na2SO4 when using conc H2SO4.
• NaBr reacts with conc H2SO4 to produce HBr + NaHSO4.
• HBr reacts with H2SO4 to produce Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O, as bromide is a stronger reducing agent.
• NaI reacts with conc H2SO4 to produce HI + NaHSO4.
• HI reacts with H2SO4 to produce I2 + SO2 + 2H2O because iodide is a stronger reducing agent.
• 6HI reacts with H2SO4 to produce 3I2 + S + 4H2O.
• 8HI reacts with H2SO4 to produce 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O.
• 2Cl2 reacts with 2H2O to produce 4HCl + O2.

Organic Reactions

• ALKANE + excess O2 -> CO2 + H2O (Complete combustion)
• ALKANE + limited O2 -> CO/C + H2O (Incomplete combustion)
• ALKANE + Cl2/Br2 -> HALOGENOALKANE (homolytic free radical substitution under UV light)
• ALKENE + H2 -> ALKANE (electrophilic addition at 150C with Ni catalyst)
• ALKENE + Cl2/Br2 -> DI-HALOGENOALKANE (electrophilic addition at room temp)
• ALKENE + HX(g) -> HALOGENOALKANE (electrophilic addition at room temp)
• ALKENE + KMnO4/H2SO4 -> DIOL (oxidation/redox/addition at room temp)
• ALKENE + STEAM -> alcohol (electrophilic addition at 300C, 60 ATM, H3PO4)
• LOTS OF ALKENE -> ADDITION POLYMER (Addition polymerisation under very high pressure)
• HALOGENOALKANE + NaOH(aq) -> ALCOHOL + Na+X- (nucleophilic substitution with NaOH(aq) + heat under reflux)
• HALOGENOALKANE + NaOH(ethanolic) -> Alkene (elimination with NaOH(ethanolic) + heat under reflux)
• HALOGENOALKANE + conc. NH3 -> AMINE (nucleophilic substitution in ethanolic solution of ammonia + heat in sealed tube/under high pressure)
• HALOGENOALKANE + HCN -> NITRILE (nucleophilic substitution with KCN dissolved in ethanol + heat under reflux)
• PRIMARY ALCOHOL -> ALDEHYDE (oxidation/redox with K2CrO7/H2SO4, distill)
• PRIMARY ALCOHOL -> CARBOXYLIC ACID (oxidation/redox with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 + heat under reflux)
• SECONDARY ALCOHOL -> KETONE (oxidation/redox with K2Cr2O7 + heat under reflux)
• ALCOHOL -> ALKENE (dehydration with Conc. H3PO4/AL2O3/H2SO4)
• ALDEHYDE -> CARBOXYLIC ACID (oxidation/redox with K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 + heat under reflux)
• ALDEHYDE -> PRIMARY ALCOHOL (reduction with LiAlH4 (dry ether) or NaBH4(aq))
• KETONE -> SECONDARY ALCOHOL (reduction with LiAlH4 (dry ether) or NaBH4(aq))
• ALDEHYDE/KETONE -> HYDROXYNITRILE (nucleophilic substitution with KCN + H2SO4 + heat under reflux)
• ALDEHYDE -> CARBOXYLIC ACID with Tollens’ reagent (redox with AgNO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) then add NH3(aq))
• ALDEHYDE -> CARBOXYLIC ACID with Fehling’s solution (redox with Fehling’s solution)
• ALDEHYDE/KETONE -> HYDRAZONE (nucleophilic addition-elimination with 2,4-DNPH)
• METHYL KETONE/SECONDARY ALCOHOL, ETHANAL, ETHANOL, PROPAN-2-OL -> iodoform/triiodomethane + sodium carboxylate (with I2(aq) + NaOH(aq))
• NITRILE + Na + ETHANOL -> AMINE (reduction)
• NITRILE + dilute HCl(aq) -> CARBOXYLIC ACID (acid hydrolysis)
• NITRILE + dilute NaOH(aq) -> CARBOXYLIC ACID SALT (alkaline hydrolysis)
• CARBOXYLIC ACID + Na(s) -> CARBOXYLIC ACID SALT (redox under dry conditions)
• CARBOXYLIC ACID + BASE -> CARBOXYLIC ACID SALT (neutralization)
• CARBOXYLIC ACID + METAL CARBONATE -> CARBOXYLIC ACID SALT (neutralization with Effervescence)
• CARBOXYLIC ACID + LiAlH4 -> PRIMARY ALCOHOL (reduction, LiAlH4 should be In dry ether)
• CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL -> ESTER (esterification with Conc H2SO4 catalyst)