Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why do firms need to be open to the outside world for innovation?
Why do firms need to be open to the outside world for innovation?
What is the main difference between open innovation and closed innovation?
What is the main difference between open innovation and closed innovation?
What is the main challenge in generating new ideas in R&D projects?
What is the main challenge in generating new ideas in R&D projects?
What is the purpose of open innovation strategies?
What is the purpose of open innovation strategies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of open innovation in developing new products?
What is the benefit of open innovation in developing new products?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do firms need to collaborate with other organizations?
Why do firms need to collaborate with other organizations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of defining innovation goals in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the primary purpose of defining innovation goals in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main benefit of using innovation management software in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the main benefit of using innovation management software in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential challenge of Open Innovation if not managed properly?
What is a potential challenge of Open Innovation if not managed properly?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the title of an Open Innovation challenge achieve?
What should the title of an Open Innovation challenge achieve?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of supporting documents and images in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the purpose of supporting documents and images in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for selecting participants in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the primary reason for selecting participants in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of a strategic alliance between two firms?
What is the primary objective of a strategic alliance between two firms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of a joint venture?
What is the primary characteristic of a joint venture?
Signup and view all the answers
Which strategy involves delegating idea generation to other firms with high expertise or low cost?
Which strategy involves delegating idea generation to other firms with high expertise or low cost?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of incubators?
What is the primary focus of incubators?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of accelerators?
What is the primary focus of accelerators?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major challenge in Open Innovation when it comes to participants?
What is a major challenge in Open Innovation when it comes to participants?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to have a method for ranking ideas?
Why is it important to have a method for ranking ideas?
Signup and view all the answers
What is essential to ensure when engaging with external participants in Open Innovation?
What is essential to ensure when engaging with external participants in Open Innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it crucial to craft the OI agreement with external participants carefully?
Why is it crucial to craft the OI agreement with external participants carefully?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to reward and recognize good ideas in Open Innovation?
Why is it important to reward and recognize good ideas in Open Innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a major challenge of Open Innovation related to the large number of participants?
What is a major challenge of Open Innovation related to the large number of participants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of technology transfer?
What is the primary focus of technology transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following models of technology transfer involves the employment of highly skilled employees?
Which of the following models of technology transfer involves the employment of highly skilled employees?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the four-stage conceptual framework used to explore the processes involved in inward technology transfer?
What is the four-stage conceptual framework used to explore the processes involved in inward technology transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of open innovation in terms of the innovation process?
What is the primary benefit of open innovation in terms of the innovation process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a challenge associated with open innovation?
Which of the following is a challenge associated with open innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of technology transfer units?
What is the primary goal of technology transfer units?
Signup and view all the answers
Open Innovation can help firms to access the right infrastructure only if they have a strong research and development department.
Open Innovation can help firms to access the right infrastructure only if they have a strong research and development department.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of Open Innovation is to generate new product ideas.
The primary purpose of Open Innovation is to generate new product ideas.
Signup and view all the answers
Firms can only create new revenue streams through Open Innovation by bringing in external ideas.
Firms can only create new revenue streams through Open Innovation by bringing in external ideas.
Signup and view all the answers
Large firms are always more flexible and adaptable than smaller firms when it comes to innovation.
Large firms are always more flexible and adaptable than smaller firms when it comes to innovation.
Signup and view all the answers
Open Innovation can only help firms enter new markets with new products, not services.
Open Innovation can only help firms enter new markets with new products, not services.
Signup and view all the answers
Internal knowledge of employees is not increased through Open Innovation.
Internal knowledge of employees is not increased through Open Innovation.
Signup and view all the answers
A joint venture is a collaboration between three firms to achieve mutual goals.
A joint venture is a collaboration between three firms to achieve mutual goals.
Signup and view all the answers
Innovation outsourcing is a strategy whereby a firm delegates the idea generation to itself.
Innovation outsourcing is a strategy whereby a firm delegates the idea generation to itself.
Signup and view all the answers
Co-creation involves using firms to generate ideas and feedback.
Co-creation involves using firms to generate ideas and feedback.
Signup and view all the answers
Incubators focus on speeding up the market growth of existing businesses that already have a functioning product.
Incubators focus on speeding up the market growth of existing businesses that already have a functioning product.
Signup and view all the answers
Accelerators have the capacity to support only internal ideas and transform them into small firms.
Accelerators have the capacity to support only internal ideas and transform them into small firms.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary objective of a strategic alliance between two firms is to achieve competing goals.
The primary objective of a strategic alliance between two firms is to achieve competing goals.
Signup and view all the answers
Open Innovation challenges always require a prize for the winner.
Open Innovation challenges always require a prize for the winner.
Signup and view all the answers
Selecting the participants is the first step in running an Open Innovation challenge.
Selecting the participants is the first step in running an Open Innovation challenge.
Signup and view all the answers
Innovation management software is required to run an Open Innovation challenge.
Innovation management software is required to run an Open Innovation challenge.
Signup and view all the answers
Unclear goals is the only challenge that can arise from Open Innovation if not managed properly.
Unclear goals is the only challenge that can arise from Open Innovation if not managed properly.
Signup and view all the answers
The title of an Open Innovation challenge should be descriptive.
The title of an Open Innovation challenge should be descriptive.
Signup and view all the answers
Supporting documents and images are optional in an Open Innovation challenge.
Supporting documents and images are optional in an Open Innovation challenge.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary focus of technology transfer is to expand the existing science/technology base through further research and development.
The primary focus of technology transfer is to expand the existing science/technology base through further research and development.
Signup and view all the answers
The four-stage conceptual framework (4A) is used to explore the processes involved in outward technology transfer.
The four-stage conceptual framework (4A) is used to explore the processes involved in outward technology transfer.
Signup and view all the answers
Open innovation can facilitate technology transfer by providing a framework for firms to acquire external technologies and knowledge and integrate them into their own innovation processes.
Open innovation can facilitate technology transfer by providing a framework for firms to acquire external technologies and knowledge and integrate them into their own innovation processes.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary goal of technology transfer units is to generate new product ideas.
The primary goal of technology transfer units is to generate new product ideas.
Signup and view all the answers
The European Space Agency (ESA) is a model of technology transfer.
The European Space Agency (ESA) is a model of technology transfer.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary benefit of open innovation is to significantly slow down the innovation process.
The primary benefit of open innovation is to significantly slow down the innovation process.
Signup and view all the answers
The key to Open Innovation is to define the relevant participants based on the specific goals of the innovation process.
The key to Open Innovation is to define the relevant participants based on the specific goals of the innovation process.
Signup and view all the answers
Ideas can be implemented in practice without ranking them based on their importance.
Ideas can be implemented in practice without ranking them based on their importance.
Signup and view all the answers
Intellectual property rights are not a concern in Open Innovation because participants are trusted to behave honestly.
Intellectual property rights are not a concern in Open Innovation because participants are trusted to behave honestly.
Signup and view all the answers
Terms and conditions of the OI agreement with external participants do not need to be carefully crafted.
Terms and conditions of the OI agreement with external participants do not need to be carefully crafted.
Signup and view all the answers
Rewarding and recognizing good ideas is not crucial for motivating participants in Open Innovation.
Rewarding and recognizing good ideas is not crucial for motivating participants in Open Innovation.
Signup and view all the answers
Building an effective process with clear goals and communications is not essential for managing OI activities.
Building an effective process with clear goals and communications is not essential for managing OI activities.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of technology transfer?
What is the definition of technology transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the four-stage conceptual framework (4A) in technology transfer?
What is the primary purpose of the four-stage conceptual framework (4A) in technology transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of open innovation in terms of the innovation process?
What is the benefit of open innovation in terms of the innovation process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of technology transfer units?
What is the primary focus of technology transfer units?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the potential challenge of open innovation if not managed effectively?
What is the potential challenge of open innovation if not managed effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
How can open innovation help firms to overcome the limitations of internal teams and infrastructure in the innovation process?
How can open innovation help firms to overcome the limitations of internal teams and infrastructure in the innovation process?
Signup and view all the answers
How can open innovation improve existing products and services, and create new revenue streams?
How can open innovation improve existing products and services, and create new revenue streams?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the benefits of open innovation in terms of reducing costs and time to market, and increasing competitive advantage?
What are the benefits of open innovation in terms of reducing costs and time to market, and increasing competitive advantage?
Signup and view all the answers
How can open innovation help firms to overcome the limitations of internal knowledge and routines?
How can open innovation help firms to overcome the limitations of internal knowledge and routines?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors contribute to the need for firms to be open to the outside world for innovation?
What factors contribute to the need for firms to be open to the outside world for innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of smaller firms in open innovation, and how can they help larger firms?
What is the role of smaller firms in open innovation, and how can they help larger firms?
Signup and view all the answers
How do firms benefit from integrating external knowledge with internal knowledge in open innovation?
How do firms benefit from integrating external knowledge with internal knowledge in open innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
How can open innovation help firms to enter new markets with new products and services?
How can open innovation help firms to enter new markets with new products and services?
Signup and view all the answers
What challenge do firms face in generating new ideas, and how can open innovation help?
What challenge do firms face in generating new ideas, and how can open innovation help?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of technology transfer, and how does it relate to open innovation?
What is the primary focus of technology transfer, and how does it relate to open innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
How can open innovation help firms generate new revenue streams, and what is the primary objective of technology transfer units?
How can open innovation help firms generate new revenue streams, and what is the primary objective of technology transfer units?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the challenge of managing open innovation, and what is essential to ensure when engaging with external participants?
What is the challenge of managing open innovation, and what is essential to ensure when engaging with external participants?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of setting clear innovation goals in an Open Innovation challenge, and how does it relate to the business?
What is the primary purpose of setting clear innovation goals in an Open Innovation challenge, and how does it relate to the business?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the key factors that need to be considered when choosing a platform for running an Open Innovation challenge, and what are the benefits of each option?
What are the key factors that need to be considered when choosing a platform for running an Open Innovation challenge, and what are the benefits of each option?
Signup and view all the answers
How can unclear goals lead to challenges in Open Innovation, and what are the potential consequences of not addressing this issue?
How can unclear goals lead to challenges in Open Innovation, and what are the potential consequences of not addressing this issue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of supporting documents and images in an Open Innovation challenge, and how do they contribute to the success of the challenge?
What is the role of supporting documents and images in an Open Innovation challenge, and how do they contribute to the success of the challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the key considerations when selecting participants for an Open Innovation challenge, and how do they impact the success of the challenge?
What are the key considerations when selecting participants for an Open Innovation challenge, and how do they impact the success of the challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
How can an Open Innovation challenge be designed to ensure that it is effective in generating valuable ideas and achieving the desired outcomes, and what are the key factors to consider?
How can an Open Innovation challenge be designed to ensure that it is effective in generating valuable ideas and achieving the desired outcomes, and what are the key factors to consider?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of a joint venture between two firms, and how does it differ from a strategic alliance?
What is the primary objective of a joint venture between two firms, and how does it differ from a strategic alliance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is innovation outsourcing, and how does it benefit firms?
What is innovation outsourcing, and how does it benefit firms?
Signup and view all the answers
How do incubators and accelerators support startup growth, and what is the primary focus of each?
How do incubators and accelerators support startup growth, and what is the primary focus of each?
Signup and view all the answers
What is co-creation, and how does it involve users in the innovation process?
What is co-creation, and how does it involve users in the innovation process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary difference between open innovation and closed innovation, and how does it impact a firm's innovation strategy?
What is the primary difference between open innovation and closed innovation, and how does it impact a firm's innovation strategy?
Signup and view all the answers
How do strategic alliances, joint ventures, and innovation outsourcing strategies support a firm's innovation goals, and what are the benefits of each?
How do strategic alliances, joint ventures, and innovation outsourcing strategies support a firm's innovation goals, and what are the benefits of each?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why firms need to collaborate with external organizations for innovation?
What is the primary reason why firms need to collaborate with external organizations for innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
How does open innovation differ from closed innovation?
How does open innovation differ from closed innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of generating a large number of creative ideas in R&D projects?
What is the significance of generating a large number of creative ideas in R&D projects?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of adopting open innovation strategies?
What is the primary advantage of adopting open innovation strategies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of technology transfer?
What is the primary focus of technology transfer?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
What is the primary objective of co-creation?
Signup and view all the answers
How can Open Innovation help firms with inadequate facilities for developing new products?
How can Open Innovation help firms with inadequate facilities for developing new products?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the benefits of Open Innovation in improving existing products and services?
What are the benefits of Open Innovation in improving existing products and services?
Signup and view all the answers
How can Open Innovation help firms create new revenue streams?
How can Open Innovation help firms create new revenue streams?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of Open Innovation in terms of reducing costs and time to market?
What is the benefit of Open Innovation in terms of reducing costs and time to market?
Signup and view all the answers
How can Open Innovation increase competitive advantage?
How can Open Innovation increase competitive advantage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of collaborating with smaller firms through Open Innovation?
What is the benefit of collaborating with smaller firms through Open Innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of defining 'critical success factors' in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the significance of defining 'critical success factors' in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of writing the challenge details in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the primary purpose of writing the challenge details in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential challenge that may arise if an Open Innovation process is not managed properly?
What is a potential challenge that may arise if an Open Innovation process is not managed properly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of choosing the right platform in an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the significance of choosing the right platform in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to identify the domain of participants in an Open Innovation challenge?
Why is it important to identify the domain of participants in an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of an Open Innovation challenge?
What is the primary purpose of an Open Innovation challenge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of joint ventures compared to strategic alliances, and how does it affect the achievement of mutual goals?
What is the primary advantage of joint ventures compared to strategic alliances, and how does it affect the achievement of mutual goals?
Signup and view all the answers
How do incubators and accelerators support the development of new ventures, and what is the key difference between their focuses?
How do incubators and accelerators support the development of new ventures, and what is the key difference between their focuses?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of outsourcing innovation, and how does it relate to the concept of co-creation?
What is the primary benefit of outsourcing innovation, and how does it relate to the concept of co-creation?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the key differences between the primary objectives of strategic alliances and joint ventures, and how do they relate to the concept of open innovation?
What are the key differences between the primary objectives of strategic alliances and joint ventures, and how do they relate to the concept of open innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
How do firms benefit from using innovation outsourcing, and what are the potential risks associated with this strategy?
How do firms benefit from using innovation outsourcing, and what are the potential risks associated with this strategy?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the key differences between the primary focuses of incubators and accelerators, and how do they support the development of new ventures?
What are the key differences between the primary focuses of incubators and accelerators, and how do they support the development of new ventures?
Signup and view all the answers
What is technology transfer, and how does it facilitate innovation processes?
What is technology transfer, and how does it facilitate innovation processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the different models of technology transfer, and what are their characteristics?
What are the different models of technology transfer, and what are their characteristics?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the benefits and challenges of open innovation, and how can they be managed effectively?
What are the benefits and challenges of open innovation, and how can they be managed effectively?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of technology transfer units, and how do they facilitate innovation?
What is the primary focus of technology transfer units, and how do they facilitate innovation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the four-stage conceptual framework used to explore the processes involved in inward technology transfer, and what are its key components?
What is the four-stage conceptual framework used to explore the processes involved in inward technology transfer, and what are its key components?
Signup and view all the answers
How does open innovation facilitate technology transfer, and what are the benefits of this approach?
How does open innovation facilitate technology transfer, and what are the benefits of this approach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why new knowledge is important for organizations?
What is the primary reason why new knowledge is important for organizations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary means of creating new knowledge through experimentation?
What is the primary means of creating new knowledge through experimentation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of knowledge in generating innovations?
What is the primary role of knowledge in generating innovations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of managing knowledge in organizations?
What is the primary benefit of managing knowledge in organizations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason why organizations need to protect their knowledge?
What is the primary reason why organizations need to protect their knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary source of new knowledge for organizations?
What is the primary source of new knowledge for organizations?
Signup and view all the answers
Which strategy involves using interviews with senior members to explain their general experience and challenges?
Which strategy involves using interviews with senior members to explain their general experience and challenges?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of guided experience?
What is the primary objective of guided experience?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of recording lessons learned from specific processes?
What is the primary purpose of recording lessons learned from specific processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of using special software in knowledge management?
What is the primary focus of using special software in knowledge management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary challenge in tacit knowledge management?
What is the primary challenge in tacit knowledge management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of managing each step of knowledge development in innovation process?
What is the main purpose of managing each step of knowledge development in innovation process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of core competencies?
What is the primary characteristic of core competencies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of interaction with external sources in an organization?
What is the primary benefit of interaction with external sources in an organization?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it important to enhance internal knowledge in firms operating in industries where technological innovation is important?
Why is it important to enhance internal knowledge in firms operating in industries where technological innovation is important?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of core competencies in firms?
What is the primary benefit of core competencies in firms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of explicit knowledge?
What is the primary characteristic of explicit knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary location of a firm's core competency?
What is the primary location of a firm's core competency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for adopting flexible policies and routines in an organization?
What is the primary reason for adopting flexible policies and routines in an organization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of core competencies in firms?
What is the primary purpose of core competencies in firms?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of smaller firms in terms of knowledge sharing?
What is the primary advantage of smaller firms in terms of knowledge sharing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of attending conferences and exhibitions in the context of organizational knowledge?
What is the primary goal of attending conferences and exhibitions in the context of organizational knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of social interaction in the context of organizational knowledge?
What is the primary benefit of social interaction in the context of organizational knowledge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most effective way to facilitate learning within an organization?
What is the most effective way to facilitate learning within an organization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of integrating organizational learning into a company's corporate culture?
What is the primary purpose of integrating organizational learning into a company's corporate culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of having a solid organizational learning strategy?
What is the primary benefit of having a solid organizational learning strategy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary challenge in transferring tacit knowledge across individuals?
What is the primary challenge in transferring tacit knowledge across individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of facilitating experimentation within an organization?
What is the primary goal of facilitating experimentation within an organization?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason knowledge sharing across the organization is important?
What is the primary reason knowledge sharing across the organization is important?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary objective of systems design?
What is the primary objective of systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What do design activities correspond to?
What do design activities correspond to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between analysis and design?
What is the relationship between analysis and design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of documenting analysis and design results?
What is the purpose of documenting analysis and design results?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of systems design?
What is the outcome of systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the focus of design activities and iterations?
What is the focus of design activities and iterations?
Signup and view all the answers
When designing application components, what is one of the issues involved?
When designing application components, what is one of the issues involved?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary impact of the user interface on the system?
What is the primary impact of the user interface on the system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is involved in designing the user interface?
What is involved in designing the user interface?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the challenges of designing multiple user interfaces?
What is one of the challenges of designing multiple user interfaces?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary goal of defining application components?
What is the primary goal of defining application components?
Signup and view all the answers
When designing application components, what is one of the decisions involved?
When designing application components, what is one of the decisions involved?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of designing a database in system design?
What is the primary purpose of designing a database in system design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between systems analysis and systems design?
What is the main difference between systems analysis and systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the bridge between system analysis and implementation?
What is the bridge between system analysis and implementation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of design activities in systems development?
What is the primary role of design activities in systems development?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of systems design?
What is the main focus of systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary focus of system design activities?
What is the primary focus of system design activities?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a class diagram in system design?
What is the primary purpose of a class diagram in system design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between systems analysis and systems design?
What is the relationship between systems analysis and systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary distinction between system analysis and system design?
What is the primary distinction between system analysis and system design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the documents and models used in systems design?
What is the purpose of the documents and models used in systems design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ultimate goal of system design?
What is the ultimate goal of system design?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary benefit of separating systems analysis and systems design?
What is the primary benefit of separating systems analysis and systems design?
Signup and view all the answers