Tema 1 Conceptual frame V2 (ampliado)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of basic research?

  • To solve practical problems using existing knowledge
  • To create prototypes for testing new products
  • To develop new technologies for commercialization
  • To increase scientific knowledge without immediate applications (correct)

    • Which of the following characterizes applied research?

  • It is strictly curiosity-driven
  • It uses existing knowledge to solve specific problems (correct)
  • It primarily focuses on theoretical concepts
  • It develops new scientific knowledge without applications in mind

    • What is meant by 'creative destruction' in the context of innovation?

  • New technologies requiring the obsolescence of old firms and practices (correct)
  • A method of enhancing production efficiency in established firms
  • The process of gradually developing new products from existing ones
  • The process of improving existing technologies without any market impact

    • How can innovation impact economic growth at a national level?

    <p>It can enhance productivity, leading to economic growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes innovation from invention?

    <p>Innovation requires diffusion through commercialization or public provision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of experimental development in R&D activities?

    <p>To solve technical issues related to new products or processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which innovation type specifically improves production effectiveness or efficiency?

    <p>Process innovation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do generic technologies play in the context of industries?

    <p>They can both create and disrupt entire industries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes research and development (R&D)?

    <p>R&amp;D encompasses systematic efforts to enhance knowledge for practical uses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of including both invention and diffusion in innovation?

    <p>It guarantees that innovations reach potential users and benefit society (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of radical innovation?

    <p>To create entirely new products or processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of innovation is characterized by lower cost and less use of resources?

    <p>Frugal innovation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which model is R&D considered the primary source of innovation?

    <p>Linear model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do smaller firms typically contribute to innovation?

    <p>By providing flexibility and dynamism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a unicorn company?

    <p>A startup valued at 1 billion or more (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the chain link model of innovation?

    <p>It includes feedback loops during development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of innovation specifically targets the needs of marginalized communities?

    <p>Grass-root innovation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do large firms have in the innovation process?

    <p>Access to greater financial resources and risk management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which innovation model leads to closed strategies and focuses on breakthrough R&D?

    <p>Linear model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intent behind eco-innovation?

    <p>To reduce environmental impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Innovation

    A new or improved product or process that significantly differs from previous versions and is publicly available (for products) or used internally (for processes).

    Invention

    The act of creating something new, but it doesn't necessarily mean it's put into practice.

    Technology

    The practical application of scientific knowledge.

    Research and Development (R&D)

    Systematic work to increase knowledge and apply it for new uses.

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    Basic Research

    Research focused on gaining new scientific knowledge without specific applications in mind.

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    Applied Research

    Research applying existing scientific knowledge to solve specific problems.

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    Experimental Development

    Solving technical problems related to new products or production processes, often resulting in prototypes.

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    Process Innovation

    A type of innovation that involves changing the way a product is made, without changing the product itself.

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    Creative Destruction

    New technologies and organizational changes that challenge existing structures, leading to economic growth and development.

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    Innovation for Sustainable Development

    The use of innovation to address environmental and social problems.

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    Radical Innovation

    Innovation that involves introducing completely new products or processes, often disrupting existing markets.

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    Incremental Innovation

    Innovation that focuses on improving existing products or processes, making them better but not entirely new.

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    Social and Sustainable Innovation

    Innovation that aims to create products and services addressing social and environmental challenges, prioritizing sustainability and inclusivity.

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    Frugal Innovation

    A type of innovation that emphasizes using fewer resources and lower costs to deliver solutions, especially relevant in developing countries.

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    Green/Eco-Innovation

    Innovation focused on protecting the environment and combatting climate change, using green technologies and sustainable practices.

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    Inclusive Innovation

    Innovation aimed at creating opportunities and improving the lives of marginalized communities, addressing social inequalities and poverty.

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    Grass-Root Innovation

    Innovation developed by lower-income communities to address their specific needs and challenges.

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    Linear Model (Science Push)

    A model that highlights the direct relationship between scientific advancements and technological innovation. Innovation is driven by research and invention.

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    Chain Link Model

    A model that depicts innovation as a cyclical process with feedback loops. It emphasizes testing ideas and iterating based on market feedback.

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    Innovation Management

    The management of innovation within organizations, encompassing strategic planning, implementation, and measurement of innovative activities.

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    Study Notes

    Innovation Definition and Types

    • Innovation is a new or improved product/process significantly differing from previous ones, made available to users (product) or employed (process)
    • Invention is creating a new way; innovation is invention plus diffusion via commercialization or public provision
    • Technology arises from scientific knowledge with practical applications through innovation
    • Research & Development (R&D) is systematic creative work to increase knowledge stock and use it for new applications (OECD)

    R&D Activities

    • Basic Research: Develops scientific knowledge without immediate applications ("curiosity driven"), usually in large firm labs & universities. Outputs are scientific papers & applied research inspiration.
    • Applied Research: Uses existing knowledge to solve specific problems. Can lead to new technologies & patents.
    • Experimental Development: Solves technical problems for new products/processes or improves performance. Can result in testable prototypes leading to innovation.

    Innovation Implications

    • Crucial for business competitiveness and growth (including startups).
    • Generic technologies can create and destroy industries (steam, electricity, IT).
    • Supports national economic growth via productivity enhancements.
    • Drives economic diversification and structural change.
    • Facilitates sustainable development.
    • Creative Destruction: New technologies & organizations challenge existing systems, leading to economic renewal & higher developmental levels.

    Types of Innovations

    • Process Innovation: Changes product creation methods without modifying the product, improving efficiency or production volume.
    • Product Innovation & Technological Trajectories: Product life cycles are shortening; frequent product replacement w/ better versions/new varieties is critical.
    • Radical/Incremental Innovation:
    • Radical: Doing something new (e.g., voice recognition, hybrid cars, online share trading)
    • Incremental: Improving existing processes/products (e.g., Windows 7, improved phone services)
    • Social & Sustainable Innovation:
    • Frugal: Lower cost/resource use
    • Green/Eco: Environmental protection & climate change response
    • Inclusive: Social/economic opportunity for marginalized groups
    • Pro-poor/Bottom of the pyramid
    • Grassroots: Developed by lower-income groups

    Innovation Models

    • Product & Process Innovation are interconnected:
    • New processes facilitate new product development (cars, bikes).
    • New products enable new processes (e.g., new software).
    • One firm's product innovation can be another firm's process innovation.

    Linear Model (Science Push)

    • Scientific advancements drive technological change.
    • R&D is the origin; invention is crucial.
    • Supports public investment in basic research & knowledge protection (patents).
    • Often associated with "closed" innovation strategies & separation of phases, with innovations born in large corporate labs, isolated from universities.
    • A chain-link model depicts innovation as a trial-and-error process, with market testing as a key feedback source (F).
    • Identifies market potential, designs/tests ideas, enters the market, with feedback loops at each stage.
    • Existing knowledge (K) or research (R) is drawn upon as needed during the process. Problems may be solved using existing knowledge (K) or necessitate further research (R), with uncertain outcomes.

    Innovation Management

    • Small firms, especially entrepreneurial ones, are often major innovation sources, driven by flexibility, dynamism, lower bureaucracy, and lower costs, but potentially more radical innovations earlier.
    • Large firms in concentrated industries can gain significant advantage from innovation, supported by financial capability, diverse portfolio, and improved scaling.
    • Unicorn companies (valuation >$1B), Gazelles (rapid-growth SMEs), and Dolphins (agile science-based start-ups) represent different company types.
    • The Resource-Based View: Competitive advantage stems from valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable resources. These combine into capabilities/competencies for specific tasks, with core competencies distinguishing the firm from competitors & being hard to imitate.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the definitions and types of innovation as well as the various activities involved in Research and Development (R&D). It highlights the distinctions between basic research, applied research, and experimental development, underscoring their significance in driving technological advancements. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications in the real world.

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