Cells of Innate Defenses
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Questions and Answers

What role does the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play in the immune response?

  • It provides a mechanism for distinguishing between host and foreign cells. (correct)
  • It solely activates the innate immune system.
  • It functions only in the adaptive immune response.
  • It enhances the production of antibodies.

    • Which type of cells are recognized for their ability to kill virus-infected and tumor cells?

  • B cells
  • Macrophages
  • T cells
  • Natural killer (NK) cells (correct)

    • What is contained in the granules of natural killer (NK) cells?

  • Cytokines
  • Perforins (correct)
  • Histamines
  • Antibodies

    • How do NK cells induce programmed cell death in infected cells?

    <p>By forming channels with perforins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do recent findings about NK cells compare them to adaptive immune cells?

    <p>Both types can become memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does apoptosis refer to in the context of NK cells?

    <p>Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in relation to immune cells?

    <p>To act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are perforins released by NK cells responsible for?

    <p>Forming pores in target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>They possess characteristics of both innate and adaptive immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the recognition features of NK cells?

    <p>They are crucial for targeting tumor and virus-infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the innate immune response?

    <p>Engulf and digest microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dendritic cells play in the immune system?

    <p>They present antigens to activate T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called in which neutrophils ingest and digest microbes?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily responsible for host defense against parasites?

    <p>Eosinophils and basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages have important functions beyond immune response. What is one of their key non-immune functions?

    <p>Recycling dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antigens?

    <p>Molecules from pathogens and allergens that can activate B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils?

    <p>They can migrate to sites of infection or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most numerous in the bloodstream as part of the innate immune system?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key receptor type do macrophages and dendritic cells have that helps in the presentation of antigens?

    <p>MHC class II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their primary functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Release chemicals to kill microbes Basophils = Involved in allergic reactions Macrophages = Coordinate immune response Dendritic cells = Process antigens for T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune responses with their corresponding cells:

    <p>Innate immunity = Neutrophils and macrophages Adaptive immunity = T Helper and Cytotoxic T cells Phagocytosis = Ingesting and digesting microbes Antigen presentation = Dendritic cells and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their origin or development:

    <p>Monocytes = Develop into macrophages Eosinophils = Defend against parasites Neutrophils = Most numerous innate immune cells Dendritic cells = Derive from monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their roles in the immune response:

    <p>Neutrophils = Patrol for inflammation and infection Macrophages = Recycling dead cells Basophils = Release histamine Eosinophils = Attack larger parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Phagocytosis = Ingesting harmful pathogens Antigen = Molecule recognized by immune cells Vesicles = Compartment for digesting microbes APC = Antigen presenting cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions with the corresponding immune cells:

    <p>Neutrophils = Respond to sites of inflammation Macrophages = Notify other immune cells Basophils = Involved in hypersensitivity Dendritic cells = Bridge between innate and adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune mechanisms with their characteristics:

    <p>Antigen processing = Preparation of antigens for T cell recognition Phagocytosis = Engulfing and digesting of pathogens Antigen presentation = Activation of T Helper cells Innate response = Immediate and non-specific defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune components with their specific roles:

    <p>Dendritic cells = Present antigens to lymphocytes Macrophages = Clear away cellular debris Eosinophils = Defend against large parasites Neutrophils = Release chemicals to eliminate bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their historical significance or name origin:

    <p>Macrophages = Means 'big eater' in Greek Basophils = Involved in allergic responses Neutrophils = Most abundant innate immune cell Dendritic cells = Important for presenting antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of immune cell with its primary function:

    <p>Natural Killer (NK) Cells = Recognize and kill virus-infected and tumor cells Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) = Express Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Memory Cells = Retain information about past infections Granulocytes = Contain granules filled with proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune response component with its description:

    <p>MHC = Helps immune cells differentiate between host and foreign cells Perforins = Proteins that form holes in target cells Apoptosis = Programmed cell death initiated by NK cells Innate Immunity = The first line of defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune phenomenon with its definition:

    <p>Cell Lysis = Destruction of target cells by perforins Adaptive Immunity = Response by immune cells with memory capabilities Innate-Adaptive Bridge = Connector function of antigen-presenting cells Vaccination = Inducing memory response against specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cell type with its specific feature:

    <p>NK Cells = Intracellular granules containing perforins APCs = Present antigens to T cells via MHC T Cells = Can differentiate into memory cells B Cells = Produce antibodies as part of the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their corresponding concepts in immunity:

    <p>Memory NK Cells = Respond to subsequent infections by previous pathogens Granules = Site of storage for perforins in NK cells Checkpoint in Immune Response = Role of MHC in distinguishing cells Lymphocytes = Type of white blood cell including NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune components to their functions:

    <p>MHC on APCs = Facilitate recognition of antigens by T cells NK Cells = Target and lyse infected or cancerous cells Perforins in NK Cells = Induce lysis in harmful cells Apoptosis = Promote removal of damaged or infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune concepts with their implications:

    <p>Role of MHC = Checkpoint for immune response NK Cells' Memory = Similarity to adaptive immune cells Virus-Infected Cells = Target for NK cells Tumor Cells = Also targeted by NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune components with their associated processes:

    <p>Granule Release = Process by which NK cells kill target cells MHC Presentation = Involves antigen recognition by T cells Cytotoxic Action = Mechanism used by NK cells for cell death Memory Formation = Immunity acquired after an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their roles in immunity:

    <p>Natural Killer Cells = Participate in immune surveillance APC's MHC = Display foreign antigens for T cell activation Perforins' Role = Induce cytotoxic effects on infected cells Memory Response = Enhances protection against repeat infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of mast cells in the immune system?

    <p>Dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is primarily known for phagocytosis?

    <p>Macrophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are dendritic cells primarily located in the body?

    <p>Epithelial tissue and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell is responsible for the initial response to infection by releasing toxins?

    <p>Neutrophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Killing tumor and virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type primarily releases histamines that can cause inflammation?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes eosinophils in their immune function?

    <p>They kill bacteria and also cause tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monocytes in the immune system?

    <p>They migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is central to the orchestration of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique characteristic do macrophages exhibit as part of their role?

    <p>They have a defining starburst shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Mast cell = Releases histamines and heparin, involved in allergic reactions Macrophage = Phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens Natural killer cell = Kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells Dendritic cell = Presents antigens and triggers adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their primary locations:

    <p>Monocyte = Stored in spleen and moves through blood vessels Neutrophil = Migrates from blood vessels into tissues Basophil = Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues Eosinophil = Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their visual descriptions:

    <p>Mast cell = A round cell with light-colored circles speckled in a purple/pink cell Macrophage = A round, light-purple cell with a darker nucleus Neutrophil = A roundish cell with numerous smaller dark spots Dendritic cell = A branched cell with fine extensions or protrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their associated functions:

    <p>Macrophage = Stimulates the response of other immune cells Natural killer cell = Kills virus-infected and tumor cells Eosinophil = Releases toxins to kill bacteria and parasites Basophil = Defends against parasites and releases histamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their associated activities:

    <p>Dendritic cell = Migrates to lymph nodes upon activation Neutrophil = First responders at the site of infection Monocyte = Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells Eosinophil = Causes tissue damage while fighting infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their unique identifiers:

    <p>Mast cell = Involved in wound healing Neutrophil = Represents 50-60 percent of leukocytes Basophil = Large, dark nucleus with smaller shapes inside Natural killer cell = Circulates in blood and migrates into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their contributions to inflammation:

    <p>Mast cell = Induces inflammation through histamine release Basophil = Releases histamines causing inflammation Neutrophil = Recruits other immune cells to the infection site Eosinophil = Releases toxins but can cause tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their descriptions in disease response:

    <p>Macrophage = Engulfs and digests pathogens Natural killer cell = Attacks infected or cancerous cells directly Neutrophil = Responds first to infection or trauma Eosinophil = Helps combat parasitic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their roles during infection:

    <p>Mast cell = Can be responsible for allergic reactions Macrophage = Initiates inflammation and pathogen clearance Dendritic cell = Activates the adaptive immune response Neutrophil = Releases toxins that inhibit bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cell type with its visual appearance:

    <p>Eosinophil = Larger darker inner structure with a light peach color Monocyte = Round lavender cell with less defined structures Basophil = Cell with large dark nucleus and smaller shapes inside Dendritic cell = Cell with multiple fine extensions or protrusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of neutrophils while they circulate in the blood?

    <p>3 to 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neutrophils detect infections?

    <p>By sensing chemicals released by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upon detecting an infection, what initial action do neutrophils take?

    <p>They slow down and stick to blood vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do neutrophils utilize to engulf and destroy bacteria?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in the function of neutrophils?

    <p>They mark bacteria for recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neutrophils after they neutralize bacteria?

    <p>They die and are consumed by other cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are neutrophils primarily produced and matured?

    <p>In the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes found in neutrophils?

    <p>To kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of neutrophils in the immune response?

    <p>Seeking and destroying bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immune Cells

    • Basophils and eosinophils: Important for defense against parasites and involved in allergic reactions.
    • Neutrophils: Most numerous innate immune cell, patrol the bloodstream, and are attracted to inflammation, injury, or infection. Kills microbes and cleans wounds through phagocytosis.
    • Monocytes: Develop into macrophages, patrol the bloodstream and tissues, and respond to problems.
    • Macrophages: Phagocytize and degrade bacteria. Coordinate immune response by notifying other immune cells. Also have non-immune functions such as recycling dead cells and clearing cellular debris. Act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to T Helper cells.

    Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

    • Macrophages: Are APCs.
    • Dendritic Cells: Are APCs, develop from monocytes, and process antigens for recognition by adaptive B or T cells.

    Bridge Between Innate & Adaptive Immunity

    • Macrophages: Present antigens to activate T Helper cells.
    • Dendritic Cells: Process antigens and present them with MHC to activate T cells.
    • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Lymphocytes with features of both innate and adaptive immunity. Important for recognizing and killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

    Natural Killer (NK) Cells

    • Function: Recognize and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells.
    • Mechanism: Contain granules filled with proteins (perforins) that form holes in target cells leading to cell lysis. Can also cause apoptosis in infected cells.
    • Memory Cells: Research suggests NK cells can retain memory and respond to subsequent infections by the same pathogen.

    Innate Immune Cells

    • Basophils and eosinophils are key players in defending against parasites and are also involved in allergic reactions.

    • Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, patrol the bloodstream and are drawn to sites of inflammation, injury, or infection.

      • They release chemicals that kill microbes and clean wounds.
      • Use phagocytosis to engulf and digest microbes within vesicles.

    Bridge Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

    • Macrophages are large phagocytes derived from monocytes that patrol tissues and bloodstream.

      • Play a critical role in recognizing and engulfing pathogens.
      • Coordinate immune responses by signaling other immune cells.
      • Perform "housekeeping" functions like clearing cellular debris and recycling dead cells.
      • Act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by presenting pathogen fragments (antigens) to T Helper cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

    • Dendritic cells are APCs that can develop from monocytes.

      • Responsible for processing large molecules into smaller, identifiable fragments (antigens) for recognition by adaptive B or T cells.
      • Requires MHC presentation alongside antigens to activate T cells.
      • Bridge innate and adaptive immunity by presenting processed antigens to T cells.

    • Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with features of both innate and adaptive immunity.

      • Recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
      • Contain granules filled with proteins (perforins) that create holes in target cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.
      • Can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in infected cells.
      • Recent research suggests NK cells can form memory cells, responding to subsequent infections with the same pathogen.

    Immune Cell Characteristics

    • Mast cells are found in connective tissues and mucous membranes. They release histamines and heparin, causing blood vessel dilation and inflammation. They also recruit macrophages and neutrophils, aiding wound healing and defense against pathogens. However, they can also trigger allergic reactions.
    • Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Located in tissues, they migrate from blood vessels. They stimulate other immune cells to respond.
    • Natural killer cells circulate in the blood and migrate into tissues. They kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells.
    • Dendritic cells are found in epithelial tissues like skin, lungs, and digestive tract. They present antigens on their surface, initiating adaptive immunity. Upon activation, they migrate to lymph nodes.
    • Monocytes are stored in the spleen and circulate in the blood. They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.
    • Neutrophils are the first responders to infection or trauma, comprising 50-60% of leukocytes. They migrate from blood vessels into tissues, releasing toxins to kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi. They also recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.
    • Basophils circulate in the blood and migrate to tissues. They defend against parasites by releasing histamines, which cause inflammation, and may contribute to allergic reactions.
    • Eosinophils circulate in the blood and migrate to tissues. They release toxins that kill bacteria and parasites, but can also damage tissues.

    Immune Cell Characteristics

    • Mast cells are found in connective tissues and mucous membranes. They release histamines and heparin to dilate blood vessels and induce inflammation. They also attract macrophages and neutrophils and play a role in wound healing and defense against pathogens. While they are beneficial, mast cells can also contribute to allergic reactions.

    • Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf foreign pathogens and cancer cells. They are found in tissues, migrating from blood vessels. They stimulate other immune cells.

    • Natural killer (NK) cells circulate in blood and move into tissues. They kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

    • Dendritic cells live in epithelial tissue, including skin, lungs, and the digestive tract. They present antigens to trigger adaptive immunity, migrating to lymph nodes upon activation.

    • Monocytes are stored in the spleen and travel through blood vessels to infected tissues. They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation.

    • Neutrophils are the first responders to infection or trauma. They are abundant phagocytic cells, making up 50-60% of all leukocytes. They release toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi, and they recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.

    • Basophils circulate in blood and travel to tissues. They defend against parasites and release histamines causing inflammation. They can also be responsible for allergic reactions.

    • Eosinophils circulate in blood and migrate to tissues. They release toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but can also damage tissue.

    Neutrophils and the Immune System

    • Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell vital for immune defense.

    • Neutrophils mature in the bone marrow and are constantly produced.

    • They circulate in the bloodstream for a short lifespan (3-12 hours) and then migrate to tissues.

    • Neutrophils are found in various locations including blood vessels and capillaries.

    • They act as surveillance cells, actively searching for infections.

    • Neutrophils detect infections by sensing chemicals released by bacteria.

    • This detection triggers neutrophils to slow down, attach to blood vessel walls, and enter infected tissues.

    • They follow chemical signals within tissues to reach the infection site.

    • Neutrophils destroy bacteria through phagocytosis, engulfing and trapping them in phagosomes.

    • Bacteria are marked with antibodies, making them recognizable to neutrophils.

    • Neutrophils contain lysosomes filled with digestive enzymes and chemicals that kill bacteria.

    • Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes, releasing enzymes and chemicals to destroy bacteria.

    • After neutralizing the bacteria, neutrophils die and are consumed by other cells.

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    Description

    Explore the vital role of innate immune cells such as basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages in the immune response. This quiz covers the functions of these cells and their interactions with adaptive immunity, particularly through antigen presenting cells. Test your understanding of how these immune components work together to protect the body.

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