Immunology workbook quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of immune response do macrophages primarily belong to?

  • Adaptive immune system
  • Both innate and adaptive immune systems
  • Innate immune system (correct)
  • None of the above

What is a key function of neutrophils in the immune response?

  • Producing antibodies
  • Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens (correct)
  • Antigen presentation to T cells
  • Degranulation and cytokine release

What are eosinophils primarily associated with?

  • Destruction of old blood cells
  • Phagocytosis of bacteria
  • Responses to parasites and allergic reactions (correct)
  • Initiating inflammation

From which precursor do all granulocytes, including neutrophils and basophils, derive?

<p>Myeloblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is not associated with basophils?

<p>Phagocytosis of pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are the largest among white blood cells?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Kupffer cells, and how are they related to macrophages?

<p>They are a type of macrophage found in the liver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

<p>Innate immunity is immediate while adaptive takes days. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following barriers is NOT associated with the innate immune system?

<p>Memory B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mechanism of the skin serve as a barrier in the innate immune system?

<p>It prevents pathogens from entering through a mechanical barrier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mucous membranes play in the innate immune response?

<p>They act as a physical and chemical barrier against microbes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the physiological barrier of body temperature function in innate immunity?

<p>It creates a fever response that inhibits pathogen growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is primarily associated with allergic reactions such as asthma and hay fever?

<p>IgE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of IgG in the immune system?

<p>Defends against diffusing toxins and spreading microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for adaptive immunity but not for innate immunity?

<p>It demonstrates a specific response to antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibodies cannot activate the complement system?

<p>IgD (B), IgE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of innate immunity?

<p>It operates independently of prior exposure to pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role does the normal flora play in the innate immune response?

<p>They compete with harmful microbes for attachment sites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is typically characterized by the early production of IgM?

<p>Primary immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does adaptive immunity differ in terms of memory compared to innate immunity?

<p>Adaptive immunity retains memory of antigens; innate does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism is characterized as microscopic and part of the immune system's response to infections?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phagocytes in the immune response?

<p>Engulf and kill pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is transferred from mother to fetus, providing passive immunity through the placenta?

<p>IgG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine type is not part of the interleukin family?

<p>Antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in respiratory and digestive systems and serves as an antiseptic?

<p>IgA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines play various roles in the immune system. Which of the following is a type of cytokine?

<p>Interferon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of opsonins in the immune response?

<p>To promote phagocytosis of bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are classified as antigen-presenting cells?

<p>Macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which process do phagocytes engulf harmful cells or particles?

<p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during apoptosis?

<p>Cells undergo a series of molecular steps leading to death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is NOT part of the complement system?

<p>Inhibitory pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of PMNs in the immune system?

<p>To protect the body from infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component can NOT be considered an opsonin?

<p>Cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the complement system play in inflammation?

<p>It activates phagocytes to engulf pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes opsonization?

<p>The process of marking pathogens for phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for lysis of infected cells as part of the complement system?

<p>Complement proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does lysozyme play in the immune response?

<p>Cleaves bacterial cell walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is hydrochloric acid primarily found in the body?

<p>In the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do chemokines serve in the inflammatory response?

<p>They recruit blood leucocytes to the infection site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do phagocytic immune cells utilize to eliminate foreign organisms?

<p>Phagocytosis and digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of tissue damage or infection during an inflammatory response?

<p>Increased serum protein leakage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of interferon in the immune system?

<p>Facilitates phagocytosis of pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response involves the internalization and digestion of whole organisms?

<p>Phagocytic/endocytic immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances are released during an inflammatory response to aid in immune defense?

<p>Cytokines and chemokines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Low pH Defense

Acidic environment in the stomach that kills most pathogens.

Lysozyme's Role

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

Interferon Action

Induces antiviral defenses in uninfected cells.

Complement System

Lyses pathogens or helps phagocytosis.

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Phagocytic/Endocytic Action

Immune cells break down foreign material or engulf and digest pathogens.

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Inflammatory Response

Tissue damage/infection triggers fluid leakage with proteins and WBCs to control infection

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Inflammatory Recruitment

Inflammation attracts blood cells to infection site.

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Cytokines' Role

Signaling molecules that regulate and control cell function and immune processes during inflammation.

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Opsonins

Substances that help immune cells engulf pathogens.

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Opsonize

To coat a pathogen to make it easier for phagocytes to engulf it.

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Phagocytosis

Immune cells engulfing pathogens.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

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Antigen-Presenting Cell

Displays antigens on its surface to activate the adaptive immune response.

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PMNs

A type of white blood cell, crucial in innate immunity.

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Classical Pathway

Complement activation triggered by antibodies.

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Alternative Pathway

Complement activation triggered by pathogen surfaces directly.

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Lectin Pathway

Complement activation triggered by lectins binding to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces.

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Innate Immune System Barriers

The first line of defense against pathogens, preventing their entry into the body. These barriers are non-specific and always active.

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Anatomic Barriers

Physical structures like skin and mucous membranes that act as the initial barrier to prevent pathogen entry.

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Skin: The Outer Layer

The outermost layer of the skin acts as a physical barrier, preventing direct contact with pathogens.

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Mucous Membranes: The Inner Guard

Internal surfaces covered in mucous membranes act as barriers. Mucous traps pathogens, and cilia sweep them away.

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Physiological Barriers

Body processes that help prevent infection. Examples include temperature and pH.

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Temperature: The Body's Heat

Normal body temperature or fever can inhibit pathogen growth.

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Oral Cavity Barriers

Specific barriers in the mouth protecting against pathogens. These include saliva, mucous membranes, and the normal flora in the mouth.

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Normal Flora: Friendly Competition

Beneficial bacteria in the mouth that compete for space and resources with harmful pathogens, preventing infection.

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Saliva: Wash Away the Bad

Saliva plays a significant role in washing away food debris and pathogens from the mouth.

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Mucous: An Entrapment Strategy

Mucous in the mouth traps pathogens, preventing them from reaching deeper tissues.

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What are microbes?

Microscopic organisms found in various environments like water, soil, and air; some cause disease, while others are beneficial to our health.

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What is an antigen?

A substance that triggers an immune response in the body, specifically reacting with antibodies or immune cells.

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What does a cytokine do?

A protein that influences the immune system, either boosting or suppressing it; naturally occurring or laboratory-made.

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What is an antibody?

A protein created by white blood cells (B cells) to fight off pathogens. It travels through the bloodstream, targeting specific pathogens.

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What is IgA's role?

Found in mucous membranes, IgA acts as an antiseptic, killing bacteria and activating the complement system (when present with lysosomes) to fight infectious organisms.

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What is the main function of IgD?

Present in blood in low quantities; half of the antigen-specific receptors on B lymphocytes are composed of IgD antibodies.

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What is IgE's primary function?

Found in small amounts in serum, primarily attached to mast cells and basophils, where it plays a role in allergic reactions.

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What is the main feature of IgG?

The most abundant antibody in blood and tissues; effective in fighting toxins and spreading microbes; plays a key role in the secondary immune response.

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What is IgM's role?

The largest antibody molecule, typically the first to appear in a primary immune response but has a short lifespan

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How does a phagocyte work?

A phagocyte engulfs pathogens by surrounding them, trapping them inside a phagosome. This phagosome then merges with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome that destroys the pathogen using antimicrobial agents, enzymes, and other toxins.

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Macrophage function

Macrophages are large phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens, old cells, and debris. They also present processed antigens to T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response.

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Neutrophil role

Neutrophils are the most common white blood cell. They engulf and destroy pathogens, primarily bacteria and fungi, through phagocytosis and degranulation.

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Eosinophil function

Eosinophils are involved in fighting parasitic infections and allergic reactions. They release enzymes and chemicals that attack parasites and contribute to inflammation.

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Basophil function

Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and inflammation. They release histamine and other chemicals that contribute to these processes.

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Granulocytes

Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell containing granules in their cytoplasm. They include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions in the innate immune response.

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Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

The innate immune system is the first line of defense, providing a rapid, non-specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system is slower but highly specific, targeting and remembering specific pathogens.

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Study Notes

Innate and Adaptive Immunity

  • Innate immunity is the body's first line of defence. It is non-specific and immediate/hours
  • Adaptive immunity is a later response to specific pathogens. It is antigen dependent and takes days/weeks.
  • Innate immunity has no memory, whereas adaptive immunity has memory.

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Description

Explore the differences between innate and adaptive immunity in this quiz. Learn how these immune responses vary in specificity, speed, and memory. Test your knowledge on the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.

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