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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
- Bacitracin
- Penicillin (correct)
- Streptomycin
- Vancomycin
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane (correct)
- Protein synthesis
- Nucleic acid synthesis
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
- Ampicillin (correct)
- Penicillin
- Bacitracin
- Vancomycin
Which of the following is the mode of action of penicillin?
Which of the following is the mode of action of penicillin?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum on the plates in the broth dilution method?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum on the plates in the broth dilution method?
What is the MIC of erythromycin in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the MIC of erythromycin in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the MIC of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
What is the MIC of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Who noticed no bacteria growing on green mold and found that the fungus Penicillium produces penicillin?
Who noticed no bacteria growing on green mold and found that the fungus Penicillium produces penicillin?
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis?
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis?
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which of the following is true about folic acid synthesis?
Which of the following is true about folic acid synthesis?
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by blocking chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by blocking chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which antibiotic inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis and is used as an alternative to penicillin where resistance is encountered?
Which antibiotic inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis and is used as an alternative to penicillin where resistance is encountered?
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S or 50S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S or 50S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bactericidal antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bactericidal antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
What is the MIC of penicillin in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the MIC of penicillin in the microdilution tray assay?
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is true about the discovery of penicillin?
Which of the following is true about the discovery of penicillin?
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Which of the following is true about the first synthetic antimicrobial created?
Which of the following is true about the first synthetic antimicrobial created?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Which of the following is true about prontosil?
Which of the following is true about prontosil?
Which ancient society recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi?
Which ancient society recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
What is the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928?
What is the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases in 1940?
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases in 1940?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall biosynthesis?
Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall biosynthesis?
Which of the following antibiotics is a beta-lactam?
Which of the following antibiotics is a beta-lactam?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?
What is the lowest concentration of erythromycin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest concentration of erythromycin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
Which antibiotic showed a MIC of 1.5 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
Which antibiotic showed a MIC of 1.5 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
Which antibiotic showed visible bacterial growth at every concentration up to 32 μg/mL in the microdilution tray assay?
Which antibiotic showed visible bacterial growth at every concentration up to 32 μg/mL in the microdilution tray assay?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic antimicrobial drug?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic antimicrobial drug?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which ancient society used tetracycline-infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Which ancient society used tetracycline-infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which chemical compound was the first synthetic antimicrobial created and served as the foundation for the development of a family of sulfa drugs?
Which chemical compound was the first synthetic antimicrobial created and served as the foundation for the development of a family of sulfa drugs?
Who discovered the first naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Who discovered the first naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which antimicrobial drug was synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and targeted syphilis?
Which antimicrobial drug was synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and targeted syphilis?
Which antimicrobial drug was discovered by Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk in 1935 and was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which antimicrobial drug was discovered by Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk in 1935 and was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Which of the following is an example of a bactericidal antibacterial drug?
Which of the following is an example of a bactericidal antibacterial drug?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Which antibiotic inhibits peptide cross linking of carbohydrates between peptidoglycan layers during cell wall formation?
Which antibiotic inhibits peptide cross linking of carbohydrates between peptidoglycan layers during cell wall formation?
What is the chemotherapeutic index defined as?
What is the chemotherapeutic index defined as?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
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Study Notes
History and Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Ancient societies recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi for treating ailments.
- In 1910, Paul Ehrlich synthesized the first chemical, Arsphenamine, to kill pathogens.
- In 1935, prontosil, the first commercially available antibiotic, was discovered and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections.
- In 1929, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, but it was not isolated until 1940 by Florey and Chain.
- Albert Schatz, E. Bugie, and Selman Waksman discovered actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin in 1944, coining the term "antibiotic."
- Synthetic drugs are made in the lab, like Salvarsan and prontosil, while antibiotics are natural or semi-synthetic compounds.
- Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs kill the bacteria.
- The spectrum of activity of antimicrobial drugs can be narrow or broad, affecting single or multiple microbial groups.
- Misuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobials can lead to the development of superinfections.
- Dosage and route of administration are important considerations in antimicrobial therapy.
- Selective toxicity is the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the infectious agent without harming the host.
- Antibacterial drugs can target different cellular components, such as the cell wall, protein synthesis, plasma membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, or metabolic pathways.
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