Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?

  • Bacitracin
  • Penicillin (correct)
  • Streptomycin
  • Vancomycin
  • Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?

  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?

  • Ampicillin (correct)
  • Penicillin
  • Bacitracin
  • Vancomycin
  • Which of the following is the mode of action of penicillin?

    <p>Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemotherapeutic index?

    <p>The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?

    <p>Microdilution tray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>0.06 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum on the plates in the broth dilution method?

    <p>MBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MIC of erythromycin in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>8 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MIC of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?

    <p>1.5 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?

    <p>Sudanese society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Sulfanilamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who noticed no bacteria growing on green mold and found that the fungus Penicillium produces penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis?

    <p>Florey and Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?

    <p>Folic acid -&gt; dihydrofolic acid (DHF) -&gt; THF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about folic acid synthesis?

    <p>Folic acid synthesis is necessary for DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>Inhibition of folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?

    <p>Trimethoprim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?

    <p>Drug modification or inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by blocking chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Lincosamides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?

    <p>Oxazolidinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis and is used as an alternative to penicillin where resistance is encountered?

    <p>Cefazolin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?

    <p>Imipenem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?

    <p>Bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S or 50S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bactericidal antibacterial drugs?

    <p>They kill their target bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>They target normal microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Blocking synthesis of bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?

    <p>Ampicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemotherapeutic index?

    <p>The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?

    <p>Beta lactams Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?

    <p>Bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?

    <p>Quinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of rifampin?

    <p>Binds to RNA polymerase, interrupting transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?

    <p>Microdilution tray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MIC of penicillin in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>0.06 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>Inhibition of folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?

    <p>Folic acid $ ightarrow$ dihydrofolic acid $ ightarrow$ tetrahydrofolic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?

    <p>Drug modification or inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Penicillin was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?

    <p>Sudanese society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the first synthetic antimicrobial created?

    <p>It served as the foundation for the development of sulfa drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prontosil?

    <p>It was effective against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient society recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi?

    <p>Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?

    <p>Paul Ehrlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Prontosil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases in 1940?

    <p>Florey and Chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs?

    <p>They cause a reversible inhibition of growth, with bacterial growth restarting after elimination of the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Plasma membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall biosynthesis?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is a beta-lactam?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemotherapeutic index?

    <p>The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?

    <p>Oxazolidinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?

    <p>Carbapenems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of rifampin?

    <p>Binds to RNA polymerase, interrupting transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?

    <p>Both microdilution tray and Etest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest concentration of erythromycin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>8 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic showed a MIC of 1.5 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>MBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic showed visible bacterial growth at every concentration up to 32 μg/mL in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?

    <p>Bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>Inhibits protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic antimicrobial drug?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient society used tetracycline-infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?

    <p>Mayans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?

    <p>Multiple resistance pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical compound was the first synthetic antimicrobial created and served as the foundation for the development of a family of sulfa drugs?

    <p>Prontosil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the first naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Prontosil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drug was synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and targeted syphilis?

    <p>Salvarsan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drug was discovered by Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk in 1935 and was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Prontosil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?

    <p>Beta lactams Monobactams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of rifampin?

    <p>Inhibits protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?

    <p>Aztreonam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a bactericidal antibacterial drug?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits peptide cross linking of carbohydrates between peptidoglycan layers during cell wall formation?

    <p>Penicillin G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemotherapeutic index defined as?

    <p>The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?

    <p>Trimethoprim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?

    <p>Target Modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?

    <p>Polymyxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?

    <p>Ampicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?

    <p>Microdilution tray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>0.06 μg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?

    <p>Inhibition of folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?

    <p>1:1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?

    <p>Macrolides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?

    <p>Polymyxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?

    <p>Tetracyclines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?

    <p>Prontosil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History and Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Drugs

    • Ancient societies recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi for treating ailments.
    • In 1910, Paul Ehrlich synthesized the first chemical, Arsphenamine, to kill pathogens.
    • In 1935, prontosil, the first commercially available antibiotic, was discovered and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections.
    • In 1929, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, but it was not isolated until 1940 by Florey and Chain.
    • Albert Schatz, E. Bugie, and Selman Waksman discovered actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin in 1944, coining the term "antibiotic."
    • Synthetic drugs are made in the lab, like Salvarsan and prontosil, while antibiotics are natural or semi-synthetic compounds.
    • Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs kill the bacteria.
    • The spectrum of activity of antimicrobial drugs can be narrow or broad, affecting single or multiple microbial groups.
    • Misuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobials can lead to the development of superinfections.
    • Dosage and route of administration are important considerations in antimicrobial therapy.
    • Selective toxicity is the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the infectious agent without harming the host.
    • Antibacterial drugs can target different cellular components, such as the cell wall, protein synthesis, plasma membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, or metabolic pathways.

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