120 Questions
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
Penicillin
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Plasma membrane
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Ampicillin
Which of the following is the mode of action of penicillin?
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Microdilution tray
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
0.06 μg/mL
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum on the plates in the broth dilution method?
MBC
What is the MIC of erythromycin in the microdilution tray assay?
8 μg/mL
What is the MIC of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
1.5 μg/mL
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Sudanese society
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Paul Ehrlich
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Sulfanilamide
Who noticed no bacteria growing on green mold and found that the fungus Penicillium produces penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis?
Florey and Chain
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Folic acid -> dihydrofolic acid (DHF) -> THF
Which of the following is true about folic acid synthesis?
Folic acid synthesis is necessary for DNA replication
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Trimethoprim
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Drug modification or inactivation
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Aminoglycosides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Tetracyclines
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by blocking chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Lincosamides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Oxazolidinones
Which antibiotic inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis and is used as an alternative to penicillin where resistance is encountered?
Cefazolin
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Imipenem
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Bacitracin
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vancomycin
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S or 50S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes?
Tetracycline
Which of the following is a characteristic of bactericidal antibacterial drugs?
They kill their target bacteria
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs?
They target normal microbiota
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Blocking synthesis of bacterial cell wall
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
Ampicillin
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
Beta lactams Carbapenems
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vancomycin
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Bacitracin
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome and inhibiting recognition of aminoacyl tRNA?
Tetracycline
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Aminoglycosides
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Streptomycin
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Quinolones
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Binds to RNA polymerase, interrupting transcription
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Metabolic pathways
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Microdilution tray
What is the MIC of penicillin in the microdilution tray assay?
0.06 μg/mL
Which antibiotic has the broadest spectrum of activity among beta lactams and is active against aerobic G+, G- and some anaerobes?
Penicillin
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vancomycin
Which of the following is a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
Which of the following is the correct order of conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Folic acid $ ightarrow$ dihydrofolic acid $ ightarrow$ tetrahydrofolic acid
Which antibiotic inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vancomycin
Which of the following is an example of a bacteriostatic antibacterial drug?
Tetracycline
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which of the following is a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Drug modification or inactivation
Which of the following is true about the discovery of penicillin?
Penicillin was first discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Which ancient society used tetracycline infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Sudanese society
Which of the following is true about the first synthetic antimicrobial created?
It served as the foundation for the development of sulfa drugs.
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Paul Ehrlich
Which of the following is true about prontosil?
It was effective against a variety of diseases like gonorrhea and meningitis.
Which ancient society recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi?
Chinese
Who synthesized the first chemical that kills pathogens, Arsphenamine (Salvarsan), in 1910?
Paul Ehrlich
What is the first natural antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928?
Penicillin
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Who isolated penicillin and showed its effectiveness against a variety of diseases in 1940?
Florey and Chain
Which of the following is a characteristic of bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs?
They cause a reversible inhibition of growth, with bacterial growth restarting after elimination of the drug.
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of antibacterial drugs?
Plasma membrane permeability
Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall biosynthesis?
Vancomycin
Which of the following antibiotics is a beta-lactam?
Penicillin
What is the chemotherapeutic index?
The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent.
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Aminoglycosides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Oxazolidinones
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and has the broadest spectrum of activity among the beta lactams?
Carbapenems
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Binds to RNA polymerase, interrupting transcription
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?
Both microdilution tray and Etest
What is the lowest concentration of erythromycin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
8 μg/mL
Which antibiotic showed a MIC of 1.5 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus in the Etest?
Vancomycin
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
MBC
Which antibiotic showed visible bacterial growth at every concentration up to 32 μg/mL in the microdilution tray assay?
Clindamycin
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Vancomycin
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Chloramphenicol
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to both the 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits and interfering with chain initiation?
Macrolides
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Bacitracin
Which of the following is NOT a mode of action of sulfonamides?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Which of the following is NOT an example of a synthetic antimicrobial drug?
Isoniazid
Which of the following is NOT a step in the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)?
Which ancient society used tetracycline-infused beer to treat ailments like gum disease and wounds?
Mayans
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Multiple resistance pump
Which chemical compound was the first synthetic antimicrobial created and served as the foundation for the development of a family of sulfa drugs?
Prontosil
Who discovered the first naturally produced antimicrobial, penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Which antimicrobial drug was synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and targeted syphilis?
Salvarsan
Which antimicrobial drug was discovered by Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk in 1935 and was effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Which class of antibiotics inhibits cell wall biosynthesis on a different fragment of the cell wall when compared to penicillins and cephalosporins?
Beta lactams Monobactams
What is the mode of action of rifampin?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Aminoglycosides
Which of the following is an example of a broad-spectrum antimicrobial?
Aztreonam
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Folic acid synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a common target of antibacterial drugs?
Plasma membrane
Which of the following is an example of a bactericidal antibacterial drug?
Vancomycin
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis
Which antibiotic inhibits peptide cross linking of carbohydrates between peptidoglycan layers during cell wall formation?
Penicillin G
What is the chemotherapeutic index defined as?
The highest concentration of the drug tolerated by the host divided by the lowest concentration of the drug that will eliminate the infection or disease agent
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Trimethoprim
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of drug resistance mentioned in the text?
Target Modification
Which class of antibiotics interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane?
Polymyxins
Which of the following is an example of a semi-synthetic antibiotic?
Ampicillin
Which method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay?
Microdilution tray
What is the lowest concentration of penicillin that inhibited visible growth in the microdilution tray assay?
0.06 μg/mL
What is the mode of action of beta lactam antibiotics?
Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis
What is the mode of action of sulfonamides?
Inhibition of folic acid synthesis
What is the lowest dilution that kills ≥99.9% of the starting inoculum in the microdilution tray assay?
1:1000
Which class of antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking the reading of the genetic code on mRNA?
Aminoglycosides
Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting chain elongation?
Macrolides
Which antibiotic interferes with the transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane and is available as a skin ointment against G+ induced skin infections?
Polymyxin
Which of the following is an example of an antimicrobial drug that competes with dihydrofolic acid for the active site in a bacterial enzyme?
Tetracyclines
Which synthetic chemical dye was the first commercially available antibiotic and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections?
Prontosil
Study Notes
History and Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Drugs
- Ancient societies recognized the antimicrobial properties of plants and fungi for treating ailments.
- In 1910, Paul Ehrlich synthesized the first chemical, Arsphenamine, to kill pathogens.
- In 1935, prontosil, the first commercially available antibiotic, was discovered and effective in treating Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections.
- In 1929, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, but it was not isolated until 1940 by Florey and Chain.
- Albert Schatz, E. Bugie, and Selman Waksman discovered actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin in 1944, coining the term "antibiotic."
- Synthetic drugs are made in the lab, like Salvarsan and prontosil, while antibiotics are natural or semi-synthetic compounds.
- Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth, while bactericidal drugs kill the bacteria.
- The spectrum of activity of antimicrobial drugs can be narrow or broad, affecting single or multiple microbial groups.
- Misuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobials can lead to the development of superinfections.
- Dosage and route of administration are important considerations in antimicrobial therapy.
- Selective toxicity is the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the infectious agent without harming the host.
- Antibacterial drugs can target different cellular components, such as the cell wall, protein synthesis, plasma membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, or metabolic pathways.
Test your knowledge on inhibitors of protein synthesis! This quiz focuses on 30S aminoglycosides and their mode of action, spectrum, administration, and examples. Challenge yourself and learn about these important antibiotics!
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