28 Questions
What is the main focus of Inherent Safety in chemical processes?
Eliminating or reducing hazards
What does ISD stand for?
Inherently Safer Design
What is the primary purpose of safeguards in chemical processes?
To eliminate or minimize hazards
Inherently Safer Design is more of a _______ than a specific set of tools or methods.
Philosophy and way of thinking
According to T.A. Kletz, what is the essence of Inherently Safer Design?
Avoiding hazards rather than controlling them with added-on protective equipment
When was ISD first developed as an important tool for process safety management?
1970s
What must the decision process in ISD consider?
The entire lifecycle, full spectrum of hazards, and potential for risk transfer
Which model is mentioned in the text for safety incidents?
Swiss Cheese Model
What are the strategies mentioned for managing chemical process safety?
Inherent, Passive, Active, and Procedural
What is required when an option is safer concerning some hazards but less safe concerning others?
A decision about the best risk management strategy for all hazards
What does ISD stand for in the context of the text?
Informed Decision Process
Which strategy ranks highest in terms of robustness and reliability?
Inherent
What is the primary aim of the Inherent Safer Design Principle called 'Moderate'?
Substitute
When is there a need for all strategies in a complete process safety program?
When considering all process hazards
What is the purpose of the 'Simplify' principle in Inherent Safer Design?
Minimize operating errors
Which publication by Kletz discusses Inherently Safer Plants?
Process Plants: A Handbook for Inherently Safer Design (1998)
What was the original design for cooling tower water treatment with chlorine?
Five 1-ton cylinders per cooling tower, manifolded, one hooked up at a time
What is one of the ways to achieve Inherent Safer Design according to the text?
Minimizing the handling of hazardous materials where possible
In what way do lower operating pressures in ammonia plants contribute to safety according to the text?
They are cheaper to build and operate, more efficient, and safer
What does the principle 'Moderate' in Inherent Safer Design aim to achieve?
Reduce evaporation rate and processing conditions severity
How does 'Simplify' as a principle in Inherent Safer Design help reduce risks?
By eliminating unnecessary complexity to reduce human error risk
'In situ' manufacture can address what challenges related to hazardous materials?
Reduce quantities of hazardous materials
What are strategies for managing chemical process hazards?
Substitute
Which company owned the plant involved in the Bhopal, India Incident?
Union Carbide (USA)
What type of design principle is promoted in the lecture notes?
Inherent safer design
What chemical was used as an intermediate in the Bhopal plant?
Methyl isocyanate
What was the financial situation of the Bhopal plant according to the text?
Under extreme financial pressure
What did local officials do regarding the growth of a shanty town near the plant?
Ignored the situation
Study Notes
Inherent Safety in Chemical Processes
- The main focus of Inherent Safety in chemical processes is to minimize hazards and risks.
- ISD stands for Inherently Safer Design.
Inherently Safer Design (ISD)
- ISD is more of a philosophy than a specific set of tools or methods.
- According to T.A. Kletz, the essence of Inherently Safer Design is to design a process to be safe without the need for add-on safety features.
- ISD was first developed as an important tool for process safety management in the 1970s.
Safeguards in Chemical Processes
- The primary purpose of safeguards in chemical processes is to prevent or mitigate accidents.
- Decision-making in ISD must consider the entire lifecycle of the process.
Safety Incidents
- The "Swiss Cheese" model is mentioned in the text for safety incidents.
Managing Chemical Process Safety
- Strategies for managing chemical process safety include Inherently Safer Design, Passive Safety, Active Safety, and Procedural Safety.
- When an option is safer concerning some hazards but less safe concerning others, trade-offs must be made.
Inherent Safer Design Principles
- ISD stands for Inherently Safer Design in the context of the text.
- The "Simplify" principle in Inherent Safer Design aims to reduce the number of components and reduce complexity.
- Lower operating pressures in ammonia plants contribute to safety by reducing the potential energy released in an accident.
- The "Moderate" principle in Inherent Safer Design aims to minimize the intensity of the process.
Publication and Incidents
- Kletz's publication "Inherently Safer Plants" discusses Inherently Safer Design.
- The original design for cooling tower water treatment used chlorine.
- The Bhopal, India incident involved a chemical plant owned by Union Carbide.
- Methyl isocyanate was used as an intermediate in the Bhopal plant.
- The financial situation of the Bhopal plant was poor according to the text.
- Local officials allowed the growth of a shanty town near the plant.
Design Principle
- The design principle promoted in the lecture notes is Inherently Safer Design.
- "In situ" manufacture can address the challenges related to hazardous materials.
Test your knowledge on Inherent Safer Design, Process Safety Management (PSM), and Safeguards in chemical processes and plants. Learn about the importance of focusing on hazard elimination and reduction for safety.
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