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Questions and Answers
Which medication is used for prophylaxis and long-term treatment of asthma?
What is a common side effect of corticosteroids?
Which medication has a black box warning for serious mood-related changes and behaviors?
What is an important contraindication for corticosteroids?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for inhaled corticosteroids?
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Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of corticosteroids?
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What is the primary function of mast cell stabilizers?
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When are IV corticosteroids typically used in the treatment of respiratory conditions?
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Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of corticosteroids?
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What is a contraindication for corticosteroid use?
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Which class of respiratory drugs prevents leukotrienes from attaching to receptors on cells?
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In what situation might Theophylline be used?
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Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroids?
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What is the primary use of mast cell stabilizers in respiratory conditions?
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Which medication is considered the only corticosteroid suitable for use in acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD?
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In what situation might IV corticosteroids be used for respiratory conditions?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Theophylline?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the dosage forms of Theophylline?
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What is a potential concern with using Theophylline due to its relationship with caffeine?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of Leukotrienes on the respiratory system?
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Which class of respiratory drugs works by increasing levels of energy-producing cAMP?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for anticholinergics in the context of COPD treatment?
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How do xanthine derivatives primarily cause bronchodilation in the airways?
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In the context of respiratory drug therapy, which medication is often dosed twice daily as a liquid aerosol for inhalation?
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Which of the following is a common adverse effect of xanthine derivatives used for bronchodilation?
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What is a contraindication for the use of anticholinergic bronchodilators like Ipratropium (Atrovent) in COPD?
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Which class of respiratory drugs is known for preventing leukotrienes from attaching to receptors on cells?
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What is one of the key drug effects of anticholinergic bronchodilators like Tiotropium (Spiriva) in patients with COPD?
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What is the primary indication for using Beta-Adrenergic Agonists during the acute phase of asthmatic attacks?
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What is a common contraindication for Beta-Adrenergic Agonists in the treatment of pulmonary diseases?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists in the context of respiratory conditions?
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What are some adverse effects associated with Beta-Adrenergic Agonists in addition to insomnia and vascular headache?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with nonselective beta-adrenergic medications such as Metaproterenol?
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What is the primary reason for advising patients about the potential side effects of using albuterol too frequently?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the context of bronchodilation?
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Which of the following effects is NOT commonly associated with leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of respiratory conditions?
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What is a crucial aspect of patient education regarding the use of Theophylline?
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Which of the following statements best describes the therapeutic range for Aminophylline?
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What aspect of the pharmacokinetics of Theophylline makes dosing particularly challenging?
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Which of the following is a primary indication for bronchodilator medications like Beta-adrenergic agonists?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of drugs that increase the breakdown of cAMP in the context of respiratory conditions?
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Study Notes
Anticholinergics
- Mechanism of action: Reduce secretions in COPD patients
- Indications: Prevention of bronchospasm associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema, not for management of acute symptoms
- Adverse effects: Dry mouth, dry throat, coughing, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, gastrointestinal distress, nasal congestion
Anticholinergic Bronchodilators
- Ipratropium (Atrovent): Oldest and most commonly used, available as a liquid aerosol for inhalation and as a multidose inhaler, dosed twice daily
- Tiotropium (Spiriva)
- Aclidinium (Tudorza)
- Umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta)
Xanthine Derivatives
- Mechanism of action: Increase levels of energy-producing cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase
- Result: Decreased cAMP levels, smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and increased airflow
- Drug effects: Bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscle in the airways, relief of bronchospasm, and increased airflow
- CNS stimulation and cardiovascular stimulation, increasing heart rate and cardiac output, and resulting in diuretic effects
Beta-Adrenergics
- Nonselective beta-adrenergics: Stimulate both beta1 and beta2 receptors, example: Metaproterenol
- Adverse effects: Cardiac stimulation, tremors, anginal pain, vascular headache, hypotension
Selective Beta2 Drugs
- Stimulate only beta2 receptors, example: Albuterol
- Adverse effects: Hypotension or hypertension, vascular headache, or tremors
- Common side effect: Tremors
- Note: Albuterol can lose beta2 specificity at larger doses, causing systemic effects such as nausea, increased anxiety, palpitations, tremors, and increased heart rate
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Description
Learn about the indications and contraindications of inhaled corticosteroids, the primary treatment for bronchospastic disorders and persistent asthma. Understand when they are used concurrently with beta-adrenergic agonists and when they should not be used.
