Information Technology Lesson 1

Common Computing Devices

• Computing system includes desktop, workstation, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
• Desktops and workstations are designed for singular user applications, often referred to as workstations.
• System speed is determined by the computer's performance capabilities.
• Increased system memory allows multiple applications to run simultaneously and enhances data processing speed.
• The main storage drive's capacity defines how much data can be retained when the computer is powered off.
• Peripheral devices such as displays, keyboards, and mice are essential for input and output functions.
• Operating systems (OS) serve as the software backbone that instructions for the computer.

Types of Computers

• Laptops combine display, system components, and input/output devices in a portable chassis.
• Smartphones and tablets mimic personal computer functionality and are easily held with one hand.
• Phablets blend features of smartphones and tablets into one device.
• Internet of Things (IoT) refers to interconnected physical objects equipped with electronics and software for network connectivity.
• Home automation systems enable control over devices such as thermostats, security systems, and appliances through apps and voice commands.

Data Processing

• Input refers to data entry via peripheral devices.
• Processing involves writing data to memory and manipulation by the CPU.
• Output is the display of processed data through output devices.
• Storage can occur in various formats like hard disks and optical discs.

Workstation and Mobile Devices

• Workstation PCs are designed to operate in a fixed location.
• Embedded operating systems power devices like ATM machines and industrial systems.
• Firmware provides the critical functions required for hardware interaction.

Operating Systems Overview

• An operating system is essential for system functionality and user interaction.
• Functions include serving as an interface between users and computers, managing applications, ensuring system health, and overseeing data management.
• Numerous operating systems exist, ranging from batch systems that don't directly interact with users to real-time operating systems (RTOS) designed for prompt data processing.

Types of Operating Systems

• Microsoft Windows is the leading commercial OS; Windows 10 debuted in 2015.
• Apple iOS is the operating system for iPhones and iPads.
• Types of OS include:
  • Batch Operating Systems
  • Multi-Programming Operating Systems
  • Multi-Processing Operating Systems, utilizing multiple CPUs for improved throughput.
  • Time-Sharing Operating Systems, allowing simultaneous user processes.

Operating System Layers

• Hardware layer impacts system hardware and external devices.
• CPU scheduling organizes process requests in a managed queue.
• Memory management encompasses ROM and RAM processes.
• Process management oversees task execution.
• I/O buffer temporarily stores input/output data from external devices.

Virtualization

• Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single computer.
• Components of virtualization include the computer itself, hypervisor, and guest OS.

User Programs

• The top operating system layer includes applications and user interfaces, enabling activities like web browsing.