Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary deliverable from the initial part of the planning phase in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
What is the primary deliverable from the initial part of the planning phase in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
What is the outcome of the project initiation and planning phase in relation to project selection?
What is the outcome of the project initiation and planning phase in relation to project selection?
What is the strategy known as "incremental commitment" in systems analysis and design?
What is the strategy known as "incremental commitment" in systems analysis and design?
From where do information systems development projects originate?
From where do information systems development projects originate?
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What are the two critical steps an organization must take to benefit from a planning-based approach for selecting IS projects?
What are the two critical steps an organization must take to benefit from a planning-based approach for selecting IS projects?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for the importance of improved planning in IS development?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the importance of improved planning in IS development?
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What is the approximate percentage of organizational expense represented by information systems, as mentioned in the content?
What is the approximate percentage of organizational expense represented by information systems, as mentioned in the content?
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What is one of the problems highlighted in the content that often arises in organizations due to poor planning in IS development?
What is one of the problems highlighted in the content that often arises in organizations due to poor planning in IS development?
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What is one primary benefit of top-down planning in information systems?
What is one primary benefit of top-down planning in information systems?
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Which of the following best describes bottom-up planning?
Which of the following best describes bottom-up planning?
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What does functional decomposition aim to achieve in information systems planning?
What does functional decomposition aim to achieve in information systems planning?
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What is the primary purpose of IS planning matrices?
What is the primary purpose of IS planning matrices?
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Which approach to information systems planning might be more beneficial in a rapidly changing business environment?
Which approach to information systems planning might be more beneficial in a rapidly changing business environment?
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What is a mission statement primarily aimed at defining?
What is a mission statement primarily aimed at defining?
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Which component of corporate strategy expresses qualitative and quantitative goals?
Which component of corporate strategy expresses qualitative and quantitative goals?
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What term is sometimes used interchangeably with objective statements?
What term is sometimes used interchangeably with objective statements?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive strategy?
Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive strategy?
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What is the main focus of corporate strategic planning?
What is the main focus of corporate strategic planning?
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What is the primary goal of Information Systems Planning (ISP)?
What is the primary goal of Information Systems Planning (ISP)?
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How should ISP be aligned within an organization?
How should ISP be aligned within an organization?
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What does a competitive strategy aim to achieve?
What does a competitive strategy aim to achieve?
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What is the primary role of an Information System (IS) in an organization?
What is the primary role of an Information System (IS) in an organization?
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What does the Short Term Plan component of the IS plan include?
What does the Short Term Plan component of the IS plan include?
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Which type of electronic commerce involves transactions between businesses and consumers?
Which type of electronic commerce involves transactions between businesses and consumers?
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What is one of the constraints on Information Systems development?
What is one of the constraints on Information Systems development?
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What does Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) enable in business transactions?
What does Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) enable in business transactions?
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What is the definition of Electronic Commerce (EC)?
What is the definition of Electronic Commerce (EC)?
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In IS planning, what is meant by the term 'Systems Needs'?
In IS planning, what is meant by the term 'Systems Needs'?
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Which mode of electronic commerce includes sales and transactions between businesses and their employees?
Which mode of electronic commerce includes sales and transactions between businesses and their employees?
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Which of the following planning matrices focuses on identifying the relationships between business processes and the data they utilize?
Which of the following planning matrices focuses on identifying the relationships between business processes and the data they utilize?
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What is the primary purpose of affinity clustering when applied to planning matrices?
What is the primary purpose of affinity clustering when applied to planning matrices?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of using CASE tools during information systems planning?
Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of using CASE tools during information systems planning?
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What is the significance of developing both "as-is" and "to-be" planning matrices?
What is the significance of developing both "as-is" and "to-be" planning matrices?
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How does an information systems plan typically relate to systems development projects?
How does an information systems plan typically relate to systems development projects?
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What is the main purpose of the "Information Inventory" component of an IS plan?
What is the main purpose of the "Information Inventory" component of an IS plan?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between an information systems plan and an organization's mission, objectives, and strategy?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between an information systems plan and an organization's mission, objectives, and strategy?
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Which of the following options is NOT a direct benefit of utilizing planning matrices during the information systems planning process?
Which of the following options is NOT a direct benefit of utilizing planning matrices during the information systems planning process?
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What are the three primary steps involved in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
What are the three primary steps involved in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of project identification?
Which of the following is NOT a source of project identification?
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What is the primary reason why different stakeholder groups bring a unique perspective to the IS decision-making process?
What is the primary reason why different stakeholder groups bring a unique perspective to the IS decision-making process?
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Which describes the most common way projects are initiated from a bottom-up perspective?
Which describes the most common way projects are initiated from a bottom-up perspective?
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What is the role of a steering committee in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
What is the role of a steering committee in identifying and selecting IS development projects?
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What distinguishes top-down project identification from bottom-up project identification?
What distinguishes top-down project identification from bottom-up project identification?
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What is the primary purpose of classifying and ranking IS development projects?
What is the primary purpose of classifying and ranking IS development projects?
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Why is it important to consider the impact of IS development projects on various stakeholder groups?
Why is it important to consider the impact of IS development projects on various stakeholder groups?
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Flashcards
Corporate Strategic Planning
Corporate Strategic Planning
An ongoing process defining an organization's mission, objectives, and strategies.
Mission Statement
Mission Statement
A statement that clarifies the business a company is in.
Objective Statement
Objective Statement
Statements expressing qualitative and quantitative goals for desired future positions.
Critical Success Factors
Critical Success Factors
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Competitive Strategy
Competitive Strategy
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Low-Cost Producer
Low-Cost Producer
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Product Differentiation
Product Differentiation
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Information Systems Planning (ISP)
Information Systems Planning (ISP)
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Project Identification Process
Project Identification Process
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Three Main Steps in Project Selection
Three Main Steps in Project Selection
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Stakeholder Groups
Stakeholder Groups
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Top-Down Source
Top-Down Source
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Bottom-Up Source
Bottom-Up Source
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IS Development Projects
IS Development Projects
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Classifying and Ranking Projects
Classifying and Ranking Projects
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Weighted Multicriteria Analysis
Weighted Multicriteria Analysis
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Primary Deliverable
Primary Deliverable
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Incremental Commitment
Incremental Commitment
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Top-Down Initiatives
Top-Down Initiatives
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Bottom-Up Initiatives
Bottom-Up Initiatives
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Information Needs Analysis
Information Needs Analysis
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Improved Planning Importance
Improved Planning Importance
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High System Maintenance Costs
High System Maintenance Costs
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Top-down planning
Top-down planning
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Bottom-up planning
Bottom-up planning
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Functional Decomposition
Functional Decomposition
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IS Planning Matrices
IS Planning Matrices
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Parallel activities in planning
Parallel activities in planning
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Types of Planning Matrices
Types of Planning Matrices
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Information Systems Planning
Information Systems Planning
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As-is vs To-be Matrices
As-is vs To-be Matrices
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CASE Tools
CASE Tools
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Affinity Clustering
Affinity Clustering
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Function-to-Data Entity Matrix
Function-to-Data Entity Matrix
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IS Plan Components
IS Plan Components
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Information Inventory
Information Inventory
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IS Mission and Objectives
IS Mission and Objectives
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IS Development Constraints
IS Development Constraints
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Systems Needs and IS Strategy
Systems Needs and IS Strategy
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Short Term Plan
Short Term Plan
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Unknown Events in Planning
Unknown Events in Planning
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Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
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Electronic Commerce (EC)
Electronic Commerce (EC)
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Study Notes
Modern Systems Analysis and Design
- This is the eighth edition, global edition of the book
- It's authored by Joseph S. Valacich and Joey F. George
- The chapter is about Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects
Learning Objectives
- Describes the project identification and selection process
- Describes corporate strategic planning and information systems planning
- Describes three classes of Internet electronic commerce applications: business-to-consumer, business-to-employee, and business-to-business
Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects
- Systems development life cycle with project identification and selection highlighted
- Three main steps:
- Identifying potential development projects
- Classifying and ranking IS development projects
- Selecting IS development projects
The Process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects
- Identifying potential development projects:
- Identification from a stakeholder group. Each stakeholder group brings their own perspective and motivation to the IS decision.
- Top-down source projects are identified by top management or a steering committee
- Bottom-up source projects are initiatives stemming from managers, business units, or the development group
- The process varies substantially across organizations
Classifying and Ranking IS Development Projects
- Using value chain analysis or other evaluation criteria
- Value chain analysis: Analyzing an organization's activities to determine where value is added to products and/or services, the costs incurred, and comparing with other organizations to make improvements
The Process of Identifying & Selecting IS Development Projects (Cont.)
- Selecting IS development projects
- Based on various factors
- Both short- and long-term projects are considered
- Most likely to achieve business objectives are selected
- A very important and ongoing activity
The Process of Identifying & Selecting IS Development Projects (Cont.)
- Factors in project selection:
- Perceived and real needs
- Existing and available resources
- List of potential and ongoing projects
- Current organizational environment
- Evaluation criteria
- Decision outcomes (accept, reject, delay, etc.)
- Project selection decisions require multiple factors influencing various decision outcomes
The Process of Identifying & Selecting IS Development Projects (Cont.)
- Deciding among different projects or alternative designs:
- Score = weight x rating for each requirement/constraint
- Sum scores across requirements/constraints for each alternative
- Alternative with the highest score wins
The Process of Identifying & Selecting IS Development Projects (Cont.)
- Table showing example project criteria with weights assigned and scores for alternatives
- Figure illustrating the decision process for selecting IS initiatives based on factors like requirements, constraints and considerations.
Deliverables & Outcomes
- The primary deliverable from the first part of the planning phase is a schedule of specific IS development projects
- The outcome of the next part of the planning phase (initiation and planning) is assurance that careful consideration was given to project selection and each project can help the organization reach its goals
Deliverables & Outcomes (Cont.)
- Incremental commitment: a strategy in systems analysis and design where the project is reviewed following each phase. Continuation is rejustified
- Sources of potential projects: top-down (top management, steering committee), bottom-up (user departments, development group)
- Figure illustrating project flow; project identification and selection feed into project initiation and planning, leading to project scheduling
Corporate and Information Systems Planning
- To benefit, planning must analyze information needs and plan projects carefully
Reasons for Importance of Improved Planning
- Increasing costs of information systems (40% of organizational expense)
- Lack of cross-organizational applications and systems
- Systems not addressing critical strategic problems
- Too much data redundancy and lack of data quality
- High system maintenance costs
- Long application backlogs
Corporate Strategic Planning
- An ongoing process defining an organization's mission, objectives, and strategies
- Corporate strategy includes mission statement, objective statements, and descriptions of competitive strategy
- Figure depicting steps of corporate strategic planning process: current enterprise, future enterprise, and strategic planning
Corporate Strategic Planning (Cont.)
- Mission statement: clear statement of the company's business
- Example mission statement: Pine Valley Furniture
- Objectives statement: series of statements expressing an organization's qualitative and quantitative goals for a desired future position (also known as "critical success factors")
- Example statement of objectives: Pine Valley Furniture
Corporate Strategic Planning (Cont.)
- Competitive strategy: method by which an organization attempts to achieve its mission and objectives
- Main strategies: low-cost producer, product differentiation, product focus or niche
- Table illustrating generic competitive strategies
Information Systems Planning (ISP)
- An orderly means of assessing information needs and defining systems, databases, technologies to best meet those needs
- ISP must be done according to the organization's mission, objectives, and competitive strategy
- Parallel activities of corporate strategic planning and information systems planning
Information Systems Planning (Cont.)
- Top-down planning: gaining a broad understanding of information system needs for the entire organization
- Offers: broader perspective, improved integration, improved management support, and better understanding
Information Systems Planning (Cont.)
- Bottom-up planning: identifying IS development projects based on solving specific operational problems or taking advantage of specific opportunities
- Can be faster and less costly
Information Systems Planning (Cont.)
- Functional decomposition: breaking high-level abstract information into smaller units for detailed planning
- IS planning matrices: describing relationships between pairs of organizational elements (location, function, business unit, objective, process, data, information system)
- Example planning matrices: location-to-function, location-to-unit, unit-to-function, function-to-objective, function-to-process, function-to-data, entity, process-to-data entity, process-to information system, data entity- to information system, and Information system - to -objective
Information Systems Planning (Cont.)
- Data entity-to-function matrix (example: Pine Valley Furniture)
- Table showing data entity-to-function relationships
Making Sense of the Matrices
- IS planning takes place prior to project identification and selection
- "Behind the scenes" analysis
- Matrices "as-is" and "to-be"
- CASE tools help via managing information, matrix construction, matrix analysis (affinity clustering)
Affinity Clustering
- Arranging planning matrices so that clusters of information with a predetermined level or type of affinity are placed next to each other on the matrix reports
- Affinity: extent to which the information holds things in common
- Example: Function-to-Data entity matrix
- Functions using similar data entities placed in adjacent rows
- Data entities used in common by processes in adjacent columns.
Information Systems (IS) Plan
- Systems development projects can flow from the information systems plan, shown as interconnected project stages.
IS Plan Components
- Organizational Mission, Objectives, and Strategy: brief description of the organization's mission, objectives, and strategy
- Information Inventory: summary of processes, functions, data entities, and information needs
- Mission and Objectives of IS: primary role of IS in transforming the organization from a current to a future state
- Constraints on IS Development: limitations imposed by technology, financial, technical, and personnel resources
IS Plan Components (Cont.)
- Systems Needs and IS Strategy: summarizing information systems needs and setting long-term strategies to address them
- Short-term plan: detailed inventory of current projects, systems, and a detailed plan for the current year
IS Plan Components (Cont.)
- Conclusions: unknown but likely events that can affect the plan, and presently known business elements and impacts on the plan
Electronic Commerce: Identifying and Selecting Projects
- Figure illustrating three possible electronic commerce modes: Business-to-Consumer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Employee (B2E)
Electronic Commerce Applications and Internet Basics (Cont.)
- Business-to-consumer (B2C): electronic commerce between businesses and consumers
- Business-to-business (B2B): electronic commerce between business partners (e.g., suppliers, intermediaries)
- Business-to-employee (B2E): electronic commerce between businesses and their employees
Electronic Commerce Applications and Internet Basics
- Internet: large worldwide network of networks communicating using common protocols
- Electronic Commerce (EC): Internet-based communication supporting daily business activities
- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): use of communication technologies to transfer business documents between organizations
Electronic Commerce Applications and Internet Basics (Cont.)
- Factors to consider when designing and building Internet applications (Table)
- Users: who is the user, expertise, expectations
- Connection speed: speed, display capability
- Access methods: method of accessing network, such as web browsers, mobile devices
Summary
- Chapter summary describing the learned topic of project identification and selection, corporate strategic and information systems planning, and electronic commerce classification
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts related to the planning phase in information systems development. This quiz covers various aspects including project initiation, planning strategies, and the importance of improved planning in IS development. Perfect for students and professionals looking to enhance their understanding of project selection and management.
