Information Systems Life Cycle (SDLC)

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a key activity involved in System Implementation?

  • System Changeover (correct)
  • Training Personnel
  • Equipment Installation
  • System Conversion

Which of the following techniques is NOT typically used for analyzing the present system?

  • Reviewing historical aspects
  • Surveying existing methods
  • Analyzing inputs, reviewing data files, methods, procedures, and data communications
  • Developing a prototype of the proposed system (correct)

In the context of system analysis, what is the PRIMARY purpose of tools like Structured English, Flowcharts, and Data Flow Diagrams?

  • To automate the process of system design
  • To create visually appealing presentations for stakeholders
  • To facilitate communication and documentation of system processes (correct)
  • To ensure that the system is developed according to industry standards

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the development of system specifications for a proposed system?

<p>The size and complexity of the organization's IT infrastructure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of analyzing outputs BEFORE determining the necessary inputs, databases, methods, procedures, and data communications in a proposed system?

<p>To determine what information needs to be captured and processed to generate the required outputs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a Decision Table and a Decision Tree in the context of system analysis?

<p>A Decision Tree is a more visual representation, while a Decision Table is more structured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of using CASE Tools in system development?

<p>Enhanced user experience by providing graphical representations of complex processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of system analysis that is NOT explicitly mentioned in the text?

<p>Risk assessment and contingency planning for potential system issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text emphasizes the need for a thorough analysis of the present system before developing system specifications for a proposed system. Which of the following is the MOST LIKELY reason for this emphasis?

<p>To identify the root causes of problems in the existing system and ensure the new system addresses them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of unit testing?

<p>To ensure that individual units of source code behave as intended (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does integration testing occur in the software testing process?

<p>After unit testing and before system testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of regression testing after modifications to the software?

<p>To ensure enhancements do not introduce new faults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about system testing is correct?

<p>It occurs once the software is operational or functional subsets are implemented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym W5HH represent in project management?

<p>A set of questions to facilitate project management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of testing is a written contract for code behavior typically established?

<p>Unit Testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of unit testing?

<p>It ensures that the entire application runs smoothly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the W5HH principle, which question corresponds to the aspect of project timing?

<p>When will it be done? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which testing phase is a test plan for group modules typically applied?

<p>Integration Testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a logical phase deliverable in the SDLC?

<p>A substantial written document or software artifact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data should be used for regression tests?

<p>The same data used during the original tests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation does NOT necessitate the development of a new system according to the content?

<p>A competitor reducing service quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of SDLC, what can be a product of the system development phase?

<p>A finished software application (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for needing an SDLC?

<p>Routine system updates with no significant changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From a process-oriented perspective, how is system maintenance viewed?

<p>As an improvement without redesigning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which W5HH question pertains to resource allocation in a project?

<p>How much of each resource is needed? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Software Requirement Specifications (SRS) in the development process?

<p>To clearly outline the client's requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) enhance the development process?

<p>By providing a structured framework for development phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is primarily concerned with validating the functionality of the website?

<p>Testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of W5HH proposed by Barry Boehm focus on?

<p>Objectives, milestones, schedules, and resources for system development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the SDLC described as document-driven?

<p>Documentation is produced at crucial stages of the process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consideration is NOT mentioned as part of the criteria for choosing an SDLC methodology?

<p>Budget constraints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the development team after receiving the SRS document?

<p>To design and code based on client requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the SDLC help to maintain application systems in a business process?

<p>By providing a rigid structure to the development phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the decision-making process when choosing a programming language?

<p>The availability of suitable hardware for compilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of program debugging?

<p>To identify and fix errors in the program's logic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the most accurate statement regarding coding standards.

<p>Coding standards are primarily concerned with improving the readability and maintainability of code. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programming languages is NOT categorized as a high-level general-purpose language?

<p>VBScript (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the statement: "A clean compile means that the program can be successfully converted from the source code written by the programmer into machine language instructions." What does 'clean compile' refer to?

<p>The program has been compiled without any syntax or semantic errors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do coding standards contribute to minimizing the impact of programmer turnover?

<p>By standardizing the codebase, facilitating easy onboarding of new developers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between programming languages and application programs?

<p>Programming languages are used to create application programs, which are then translated into machine language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using coding standards?

<p>Increased software complexity and security vulnerabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Software Requirement Specifications (SRS)

A detailed document that outlines client requirements for software development.

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

A sequence of phases for designing and developing software applications.

Phases of SDLC

The specific stages in the SDLC, each building on the previous one.

End to End Testing

Testing process to ensure a complete and functional software product without bugs.

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Stakeholder Approval

Confirmation from key individuals that the project meets requirements and can proceed.

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W5HH Principle

A guideline by Barry Boehm outlining objectives of system development: Who, What, Where, When, How, and How much.

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Iterative Process

A development approach that allows for refinements and adjustments through repeated cycles.

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Technical Capabilities

The skills and technologies available to the development team to meet project needs.

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SDLC

Software Development Life Cycle; a process for planning, creating, and maintaining software.

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Logical Phase Deliverables

Documents or artifacts produced at each SDLC phase indicating completion.

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Need for SDLC

Situations that may require a new system's development or acquisition.

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Service Delivery Opportunity

A chance to improve business processes through new services.

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Existing System Issues

Problems with current systems that may necessitate changes.

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Technological Advancements

Improvements in technology that may lead to new system development.

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Competitive Automation

Use of technology by competitors to enhance their service quality.

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Coding Standards

Defined methods of communication for programming teams, ensuring consistency and control.

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Reasons for Coding Standards

They provide simplicity, interoperability, compatibility, and efficiency in development.

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High-level Programming Languages

Languages such as COBOL and C that allow abstraction from machine code.

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Object-Oriented Languages

Languages like C++ and JAVA that focus on objects for structuring code.

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Scripting Languages

Languages like JavaScript and VBScript used for writing small web scripts and automation.

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Language Selection Factors

Parameters like application area, complexity, and staff knowledge guide language choice.

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Program Debugging

The process of correcting syntax and errors in code to ensure a clean compile.

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Clean Compile

Successful conversion from source code to machine language without errors.

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Final Acceptance Testing

Testing conducted to ensure the new system meets quality standards and user satisfaction before implementation.

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Quality Assurance Testing (QAT)

Ensures the new system meets prescribed quality standards set by the business.

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User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

Verifies that the new system addresses functional aspects expected by users.

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Systems Implementation

The process of making the new information system operational for users.

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Key Activities in Implementation

Includes system conversion, equipment installation, personnel training, and changeover.

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Unit Testing

A method of testing individual units of source code for correctness and fit for use.

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Integration Testing

The process of combining and testing individual software modules as a group to check their interactions.

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Regression Testing

Tests ensure that software changes do not introduce new faults by re-running previous tests.

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System Testing

Testing software and system elements as a whole to ensure proper functionality after integration.

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Purpose of Unit Testing

To isolate components of a program and validate their correctness and intended behavior.

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Role of Integration Testing

Validates that combined modules interact correctly and pass information smoothly.

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Goal of Regression Testing

Ensure recent changes have not disrupted existing functionalities in the software.

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System Testing Environment

Conducted in non-production settings to test the complete system functionality.

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Fact-finding Techniques

Methods used to gather requirements, such as documents and interviews.

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Present System Analysis

Investigation of the current system's effectiveness and issues.

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Modeling Existing System

Creating a representation of the current system for analysis.

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Proposed System Specifications

Details defining what the new system should achieve based on analysis.

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Strengths and Shortcomings

Evaluating what the current system does well and where it fails.

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System Development Tools

Tools that help clarify, document, and communicate system activities.

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Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

Visual representations of data movement in a system.

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CASE Tools

Computer-Aided Software Engineering tools used in system development.

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Study Notes

Information Systems Life Cycle (SDLC)

  • SDLC is a sequence of steps for system designers and developers
  • Each phase builds upon the results of the previous phase
  • The SDLC documents the process, crucial in application systems development and maintenance
  • The process includes multiple steps in an iterative manner
  • Uses the W5HH principle (Why, What, When, Who, Where, How)
  • A new service delivery opportunity triggers new system development
  • Existing system issues can be a driving force for new systems
  • Strategic management changes, company mergers, or new technologies can necessitate new systems
  • The need for competitive advantage, especially in automation, is a consideration for a new system
  • SDLC aids in parallel activities and alternative solutions
  • Planning and control by project managers are facilitated
  • Standards adherence and superior communication are ensured by documentation with SDLC
  • Project milestones offer a framework for review and decision-making

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Phases

  • Preliminary investigation: analyzing needs, assessing feasibility, defining scope
  • System Requirements Analysis: gathering user needs, understanding existing system
  • System Designing: laying out blueprint for new system, including structure, features, and
  • System Development: software creation and programming
  • System Testing: testing for bugs, errors, and functionality
  • System Implementation: installing, training, and launching the system
  • Post Implementation Review and Maintenance: reviewing system performance and making necessary adjustments;
    • Continuously improving systems
    • Fixing bugs and handling maintenance

Preliminary Investigation

  • Identifies strategic value and cost savings in implementing the system
  • A report is generated, including a feasibility study
  • Feasibility considerations encompass: -Technical: Is technology available? -Financial: Is the solution sound financially? -Economic: ROI assessments -Schedule: Timeline adherence -Resource: Accessibility to personnel -Operational: Method of system functioning -Behavioral: Impact on work/culture -Legal: Compliance with all laws -Political: Acceptance of the new system

System Requirements Analysis

  • Detailed understanding of the current system; identifying modifications needed.
  • Analyzing system inputs, outputs, procedures
  • Documenting user needs and objectives
  • Fact finding for needs and requirements
  • Analysis of the present system
  • Analysis of proposed systems and its specifications
  • System requirements specification document (SRS) development

System Designing

  • Transformating requirements into a system blueprint, specifying hardware, software, resources and people needed.
  • Architectural design: System modules and hierarchy
  • Information flow design: Data movement between modules
  • Database design: System database structure and relationships
  • User interface design: User interaction design (inputs/outputs)
  • Physical design: Hardware, software, and technical configuration

System Development

  • Development of components and system integration;
  • Implementing coding standards in languages such as COBOL, C, Java, etc.,
  • Program Debugging: Identifies and solves programming errors
  • Programs are tested, resulting in documentation;

System Testing

  • Verification of system functionality and quality
  • Unit testing: Individual units are tested
  • Integration testing: Combination of module testing
  • Regression testing: Ensures changes don't introduce new problems
  • System testing: System tested as a whole

System Implementation

  • System installation, training, and go-live procedures,
  • Conversion procedures from old system to new
  • System conversion procedures
  • Equipment installation
  • Training personnel

Post-Implementation Review and Maintenance

  • Review, evaluating system effectiveness and efficiency, identifying areas for enhancement and addressing future issues
  • Maintenance types include:
    • Scheduled
    • Rescue
    • Corrective
    • Adaptive
    • Perfective
    • Preventative

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