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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of information systems analysis and design?
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of information systems analysis and design?
What is the primary focus of Information Systems Analysis and Design in the 1950s?
What is the primary focus of Information Systems Analysis and Design in the 1950s?
The development of procedural third-generation languages (3GL) in the 1960s had a significant impact on information systems. What was the main reason for this impact?
The development of procedural third-generation languages (3GL) in the 1960s had a significant impact on information systems. What was the main reason for this impact?
What significant development occurred in the 1980s that advanced the field of systems analysis and design?
What significant development occurred in the 1980s that advanced the field of systems analysis and design?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modern approach to systems analysis and design?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the modern approach to systems analysis and design?
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The role of a systems analyst is primarily associated with which aspect of systems analysis and design?
The role of a systems analyst is primarily associated with which aspect of systems analysis and design?
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Which of the following best describes the organizational approach to systems analysis and design?
Which of the following best describes the organizational approach to systems analysis and design?
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What is the primary objective of information systems analysis and design?
What is the primary objective of information systems analysis and design?
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What is the purpose of the System Development Methodology?
What is the purpose of the System Development Methodology?
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
Which of the following is NOT a phase in the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
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What is the primary focus of the Analysis phase in the SDLC?
What is the primary focus of the Analysis phase in the SDLC?
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What is the key difference between Logical Design and Physical Design?
What is the key difference between Logical Design and Physical Design?
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In which phase of the SDLC is the system actually built and tested?
In which phase of the SDLC is the system actually built and tested?
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Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the Maintenance phase in the SDLC?
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the Maintenance phase in the SDLC?
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Why is the Planning phase crucial in the SDLC?
Why is the Planning phase crucial in the SDLC?
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What is the main difference between the standard SDLC and the evolutionary SDLC?
What is the main difference between the standard SDLC and the evolutionary SDLC?
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What does CASE stand for?
What does CASE stand for?
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Which of the following is NOT a principle of Agile methodologies?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Agile methodologies?
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What is the main argument of the Agile Methodologies group?
What is the main argument of the Agile Methodologies group?
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Which of the following is NOT a key feature of eXtreme Programming?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of eXtreme Programming?
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What type of tool is able to automatically generate code?
What type of tool is able to automatically generate code?
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When is it recommended to use Agile methodologies?
When is it recommended to use Agile methodologies?
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What is the primary purpose of a central repository in CASE tools?
What is the primary purpose of a central repository in CASE tools?
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What is the primary advantage of using a two-person programming team in eXtreme Programming?
What is the primary advantage of using a two-person programming team in eXtreme Programming?
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What are the main advantages of eXtreme Programming?
What are the main advantages of eXtreme Programming?
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What is an object in the context of OOAD?
What is an object in the context of OOAD?
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What is an object class in OOAD?
What is an object class in OOAD?
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Which aspect of OOAD allows subclasses to inherit properties from their superclasses?
Which aspect of OOAD allows subclasses to inherit properties from their superclasses?
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What are the four phases of the Rational Unified Process (RUP)?
What are the four phases of the Rational Unified Process (RUP)?
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What is a common criticism of the SDLC?
What is a common criticism of the SDLC?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Agile methodologies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Agile methodologies?
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in Microsoft's Security Development Lifecycle (SDL)?
Which of the following is NOT a phase in Microsoft's Security Development Lifecycle (SDL)?
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What is a key difference between the traditional waterfall SDLC and the modern approach outlined in Figure 1-8?
What is a key difference between the traditional waterfall SDLC and the modern approach outlined in Figure 1-8?
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In the context of the Security Development Lifecycle, what is the purpose of 'Verification'?
In the context of the Security Development Lifecycle, what is the purpose of 'Verification'?
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What is a major drawback of the traditional waterfall approach to SDLC?
What is a major drawback of the traditional waterfall approach to SDLC?
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What does the 'Response' phase of Microsoft's SDL address?
What does the 'Response' phase of Microsoft's SDL address?
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Which phase of the SDLC focuses on ensuring product quality?
Which phase of the SDLC focuses on ensuring product quality?
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Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with the traditional waterfall approach?
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with the traditional waterfall approach?
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What is the primary reason for the shift from the traditional waterfall approach to more iterative and parallel development processes?
What is the primary reason for the shift from the traditional waterfall approach to more iterative and parallel development processes?
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Study Notes
Modern Systems Analysis and Design
- Information Systems Analysis and Design is a complex organizational process used to develop and maintain computer-based information systems.
- It's performed by a team of business and systems professionals.
- Application software is computer software designed to support organizational functions or processes.
- Systems Analysts are organizational roles responsible for the analysis and design of information systems.
- Methodologies, techniques, and tools drive a systems analysis and design approach.
Learning Objectives
- Define information systems analysis and design.
- Describe the information systems development life cycle (SDLC).
- Explain computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools.
- Describe Agile Methodologies and eXtreme Programming.
- Explain object-oriented analysis and design and the Rational Unified Process (RUP).
Introduction
- Information Systems Analysis and Design is a complex organizational process used to develop and maintain computer-based information systems.
- It is performed by a team of business and systems professionals.
Introduction (Cont.)
- Application software is computer software designed to support organizational functions or processes.
- A systems analyst is an organizational role responsible for the analysis and design of information systems.
Introduction (Cont.)
- System analysis and design is driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools.
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design
- 1950s: Focus on efficient automation of existing processes.
- 1960s: Advent of procedural third-generation languages (3GL), faster and more reliable computers.
- 1970s: System development becomes more like an engineering discipline.
- 1980s: Major breakthrough with 4GL languages, CASE tools, and object-oriented methods.
- 1990s: Focus on system integration, GUI applications, client/server platforms, and the internet.
- New Century: Web application development, wireless PDAs and smart phones, component-based applications, and per-use cloud-based application services.
Developing Information Systems
- System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in an organization to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
- Traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replace information systems.
- Phases in SDLC: Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and Maintenance.
Standard and Evolutionary Views of SDLC
- Systems development life cycle.
- Evolutionary model.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
- Planning: Identifying, analyzing, prioritizing, and arranging an organization's total information system needs.
- Analysis: Studying and structuring system requirements.
- Design: Converting a recommended solution into logical and then physical system specifications.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
- Logical design: Describes all functional features of a system, independent of the computer platform.
- Physical design: Transforming logical specifications into technology-specific details for programming and system construction.
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) (Cont.)
- Implementation: Coding, testing, installing, and supporting the information system within the organization.
- Maintenance: Systematically repairing and improving the information system.
Products of SDLC Phases
- Planning: Priorities for systems and projects; architecture for data, networks, and information systems management.
- Analysis: Detailed steps/work plan; system scope and requirements.
- Design: Functional specifications of system elements (data, processes, inputs, and outputs); technical specifications of system elements.
- Implementation: Acquisition plan; code, documentation, training, and support capabilities.
- Maintenance: New versions and releases with documentation, training, and support updates.
A Specialized Systems Development Life Cycle
- Microsoft's Security Development Lifecycle (SDL).
- Training on security.
- Requirements analysis, design, implementation, verification, release, and response.
The Heart of the Systems Development Process
- Analysis-design-code-test loop.
- Combination of analysis, design, and implementation into an iterative and parallel process.
Traditional Waterfall SDLC
- One phase begins when another completes with little backtracking and looping.
Problems with Waterfall Approach
- Feedback is ignored. Milestones lock in design specs, even when conditions change.
- Limited user involvement (only in requirements phase).
- Too much focus on milestone deadlines of SDLC phases to the detriment of sound development practices.
Different Approaches to Improving Development
- CASE tools. Agile Methodologies. eXtreme Programming
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
- Diagramming tools that enable graphical representation.
- Computer displays and report generators help prototype how systems "look and feel".
- Analysis tools automatically check for consistency in diagrams, forms, and reports.
- Central repository for integrated storage of diagrams, reports, and project management specifications.
- Documentation generators that standardize technical and user documentation.
- Code generators for automatic program and database code generation from design documents.
CASE Tools (Cont.)
- Examples of CASE usage in different SDLC phases.
Agile Methodologies
- Motivated by recognizing software development as fluid, unpredictable, and dynamic.
- Three key principles-Adaptive, people-centric, self-adaptive processes.
Agile Methodologies (Cont.)
- Software development methodologies (Agile Manifesto).
- Key principles that emphasize continuous delivery of valuable software in response to changing requirements. The principles focus on customer collaboration, working software, and responding to change.
- Agile methods don't fit with real world software development from the Engineering methodologies.
When to use Agile Methodologies
- Projects with unpredictable or dynamic requirements.
- Teams with responsible and motivated developers.
- Customers who understand the process and are involved.
eXtreme Programming
- Short, incremental development cycles.
- Automated tests.
- Two-person programming teams.
- Coding, testing, listening, and designing.
eXtreme Programming (Cont.)
- Coding and testing operate together.
- Advantages include high communication, productivity, and high-quality code between developers.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
- Based on Objects rather than processes or data.
- Object: A structure encapsulating attributes and behaviors of a real-world entity.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) (Cont.)
- Object class: A logical grouping of objects sharing the same attributes and behaviours.
- Inheritance: Hierarchical arrangement of classes enabling subclasses to inherit properties of super classes.
Rational Unified Process (RUP)
- An object-oriented systems development methodology.
- Establishes four phases for development: inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
- Each phase is structured into multiple iterations.
Our Approach to Systems Development
- Criticisms of the SDLC, including forcing timed phases on intangible processes and favoring formal processes and documentation, which can slow things down, resulting in waterfall approaches.
- The value of the SDLC model and its variations.
Summary
- Highlights of the chapter, including how to define information systems, describe the SDLC, explain CASE tools, describe Agile and Extreme Programming, and explain object-oriented analysis and design, and the Rational Unified Process (RUP).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the characteristics and historical developments of information systems analysis and design. From the 1950s to modern methodologies, this quiz covers key concepts, roles, and phases within the field. Perfect for students and professionals looking to refine their understanding of IS principles.
