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Questions and Answers
What type of architecture is typically associated with robotics, involving sensors and effectors?
What type of architecture is typically associated with robotics, involving sensors and effectors?
Which of the following statements accurately describes peer-to-peer (P2P) networks?
Which of the following statements accurately describes peer-to-peer (P2P) networks?
What legal liabilities were implicated in the Napster case?
What legal liabilities were implicated in the Napster case?
Which entity was implicated in copyright infringements via P2P networks, similar to Napster?
Which entity was implicated in copyright infringements via P2P networks, similar to Napster?
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What is the primary function of client-server architecture?
What is the primary function of client-server architecture?
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What is a key feature that differentiates procedural markup from declarative markup?
What is a key feature that differentiates procedural markup from declarative markup?
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Which of the following describes the nature of HTML?
Which of the following describes the nature of HTML?
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How does XML improve functionality in legal systems?
How does XML improve functionality in legal systems?
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What is a defining characteristic of a strict markup language?
What is a defining characteristic of a strict markup language?
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In what way is XML fundamentally different from HTML?
In what way is XML fundamentally different from HTML?
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Which of the following indicates a feature of XML documents?
Which of the following indicates a feature of XML documents?
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What role does the Document Type Definition (DTD) play in relation to XML documents?
What role does the Document Type Definition (DTD) play in relation to XML documents?
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Which statement about metalanguages is accurate?
Which statement about metalanguages is accurate?
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What is the fundamental principle of the binary system?
What is the fundamental principle of the binary system?
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Which logical operators are crucial in Boolean algebra?
Which logical operators are crucial in Boolean algebra?
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In the context of logic gates, what does a high voltage represent?
In the context of logic gates, what does a high voltage represent?
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What role does code play in cyberspace regulation?
What role does code play in cyberspace regulation?
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What do 'virtual rules' established by code do?
What do 'virtual rules' established by code do?
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What two effects can code have on user actions within cyberspace?
What two effects can code have on user actions within cyberspace?
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Which challenge is NOT associated with the new forms of regulation in cyberspace?
Which challenge is NOT associated with the new forms of regulation in cyberspace?
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Which of the following best captures the relationship between code and human behavior?
Which of the following best captures the relationship between code and human behavior?
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What is a requirement for an advanced electronic signature?
What is a requirement for an advanced electronic signature?
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What distinguishes a qualified electronic signature from an advanced electronic signature?
What distinguishes a qualified electronic signature from an advanced electronic signature?
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Which component is NOT part of the blockchain technology as described?
Which component is NOT part of the blockchain technology as described?
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In the context of digital signatures, which statement is incorrect?
In the context of digital signatures, which statement is incorrect?
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What enables cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to function securely?
What enables cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to function securely?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an advanced electronic signature?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an advanced electronic signature?
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Which of the following is true about the legal framework for digital signatures in Italy?
Which of the following is true about the legal framework for digital signatures in Italy?
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What is NOT an element of blockchain technology?
What is NOT an element of blockchain technology?
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What is the primary role of humans in the context of ICT systems as described?
What is the primary role of humans in the context of ICT systems as described?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a demand for legal protection in relation to digital representations?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a demand for legal protection in relation to digital representations?
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What phrase encapsulates the key concept derived from George Berkeley's ideas?
What phrase encapsulates the key concept derived from George Berkeley's ideas?
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What challenge is presented by the rise of big data and artificial intelligence?
What challenge is presented by the rise of big data and artificial intelligence?
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Which of the following legal principles must be respected according to the demands for legal protection?
Which of the following legal principles must be respected according to the demands for legal protection?
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Which category does the need for safety and security of data fall under in the context provided?
Which category does the need for safety and security of data fall under in the context provided?
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How does the transition to automated systems affect the individuals' interaction with their data?
How does the transition to automated systems affect the individuals' interaction with their data?
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What is the implication of 'surveillance capitalism' as discussed in the context?
What is the implication of 'surveillance capitalism' as discussed in the context?
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What is the primary focus of foundational ontologies?
What is the primary focus of foundational ontologies?
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Which ontology would primarily include terms like 'agent', 'norm', and 'responsibility'?
Which ontology would primarily include terms like 'agent', 'norm', and 'responsibility'?
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Which of the following is an example of a domain ontology?
Which of the following is an example of a domain ontology?
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What is a significant advantage of using formal ontologies with XML markup in legal documents?
What is a significant advantage of using formal ontologies with XML markup in legal documents?
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What characteristic distinguishes symmetric cryptographic systems from asymmetric ones?
What characteristic distinguishes symmetric cryptographic systems from asymmetric ones?
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Which term best describes the role of core legal ontologies in the ontology hierarchy?
Which term best describes the role of core legal ontologies in the ontology hierarchy?
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What is NOT a function of cryptography?
What is NOT a function of cryptography?
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What defines the basic structure of an ontology within the context provided?
What defines the basic structure of an ontology within the context provided?
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Study Notes
Information Society
- Characterized by the shift from industrial society to one where information and communication technologies (ICTs) are central.
- Key characteristics (Castells):
- Information as raw material (self-feeding system).
- Pervasive effects of new technologies.
- Interconnection (network society).
- Flexibility in information processing, use, distribution, and interaction.
- Convergence of diverse technologies.
- Network effect: Value of a network increases as more users join, potentially leading to monopolies.
- Example: MS Windows attracting more software producers.
- Long-tail tendencies: Lower distribution costs empower niche producers.
- Information asymmetry: Sellers often know more than consumers, leading to market distortions (market for lemons).
- "Esse est percipi": Social reality is represented in ICT systems, shifting humans from operators to supervisors.
- Big data and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Increased data analysis and decision-making capabilities, but also raise privacy and autonomy concerns.
- Concern about algorithmic bias exacerbating inequalities.
- "Synthetic Society": Rise of misinformation and synthetic content.
- Surveillance capitalism: Manipulation through personalized ads.
- Legal informatics: Using IT to improve legal efficiency and values.
- Includes legislative, administrative, judicial informatics, and legal professional informatics.
Digital Law
- Focuses on legal issues related to computers:
- Intellectual property
- Data protection
- Electronic documents and digital signatures
- Virtual identities and presence
- E-commerce
- E-government
- Computer crimes
- IT and fundamental rights
Computers
- Universal Turing Machine: Hypothetical machine that can execute any algorithm.
- Von Neumann Architecture: Key components: CPU (Control Unit, ALU), Central Memory (RAM), Input/Output devices.
- Moore's Law: Observation that transistor counts in integrated circuits double approximately every two years.
Programmable Machines
- Precursors: Abacus, mechanical calculators, Analytical Engine (Babbage).
- Early programmable machines: Jacquard loom (punched cards), Turing machine (theoretical concept of programmability).
Limits of Computers and Algorithms
- Halting problem: A program cannot determine if another program will halt or run forever.
- Legal implications for software error liability: Impossible to guarantee error-free software.
Personal Computers and Networks
- Client-server model: Computers (servers) providing services to individual users' PCs (clients).
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) model: Every computer acts as both a client and a server.
- Cloud computing: Online networked servers providing software, data, services.
- Analogical vs. digital representations: Digital representation is precise, durable, and compatible with computers.
Files and File Formats
- Structured files: Organized according to schemas (e.g., databases).
- Unstructured files: Sequences of words with formatting (e.g., text files).
- Databases: Organized collections of data managed by DBMSs.
Information Retrieval Systems
- Indexer: Scans text files, identifies keywords, and indexes them in an inverted file.
- Search engine: Uses the inverted file to retrieve relevant documents based on search terms.
- Retrieval performance: Recall and precision measure system efficiency; noise (irrelevant documents) and silence (missing relevant documents) are problematic.
Markup Languages
- Annotate documents with tags for structure and meaning.
- HTML: Procedural, strict markup language for web pages (presentation focused).
- XML: Declarative, meta-language for describing information (meaning focused).
Legal Ontologies
- Formal representation of legal knowledge (concepts, properties, relationships).
- Purpose: Facilitate exchange, infer information, classify, and categorize.
- Development methods: Foundational, Core Legal, and Domain Ontologies (e.g., OWL, LRI-Core).
Cryptography
- Symmetric: Same key for encryption and decryption
- Asymmetric: Public and private keys, enabling secure communication.
- Digital signature: As a form of authentication and integrity, based on digital encryption of a hash code.
EU and Italian Law On Digital Signatures
- EU E-IDAS Regulation, CAD (Italian Digital Administration Code).
- Different types of signatures are differentiated.
Blockchain
- Application of asymmetric cryptography for secure digital interactions.
- Use cases: Cryptocurrencies and Smart Contracts.
Big Data and Algorithmic Decision-Making
- Characteristics: Volume, velocity, variety.
- Data Analysis: Collecting, storing, analyzing data, and extracting insights.
- Algorithmic decision-making: Classical procedural programs, rule-based systems, and machine learning systems, all with different implications, strengths, and weaknesses.
- Challenges: Bias, transparency, accountability.
Internet
- Physical infrastructure: Optical fibers, telephone lines, radio bridges, Wi-Fi, satellites.
- Transmission management: Computers for data flow, addressing, and operation.
- Protocols: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
- Internet architecture: Distributed and packet-switching.
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Provide Internet access.
Internet Layers and Protocol Stack
- Layers: Application, transport, network, data link, physical.
- Protocol stack: Encapsulation and abstraction of data as it passes through layers.
Net Neutrality
- Principle of equal treatment of all data transmitted over the internet.
- Implication for internet use, competition, and innovation.
IP Addresses and Domain Names
- IP addresses: Unique identifiers for computers on a network (static and dynamic).
- Domain names: Easier-to-remember identifiers.
- DNS (Domain Name System): Translates domain names to IP addresses; affected by legal rulings on infringement.
WWW (World Wide Web)
- A set of interconnected documents using standards (URL, HTML, HTTP).
- Allows users to access and navigate documents through links. Web governance involves the W3C.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of the Information Society, focusing on the central role of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Delve into key concepts such as network society, information asymmetry, and the impact of big data and AI. Understand how these elements shape our social reality and economic structures.
