Ch. 3: Planning and Assessment

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Questions and Answers

What is the desired outcome of assessing information collection activities?

  • Monitoring mere operational progress
  • Reducing the number of collection tasks
  • Delivering relevant information to the commander on time (correct)
  • Increasing the complexity of operations

A running estimate evaluates the accuracy and relevancy of predictions against actual occurrences.

True (A)

What informs the staff of the status of collection on all requirements?

Running estimate

After each phase of the operation, staffs conduct an ______ to examine which requirements were answered.

<p>assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps involved in assessing information collection activities:

<p>Monitoring and reporting = Determine task satisfaction Audit trail examination = Identify answered and unanswered requirements Comparison of estimates = Evaluate prediction accuracy Effectiveness assessment = Rate collection assets and analytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tasks are primarily directed towards subordinate units, systems, sensors, and Soldiers?

<p>Specified tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Essential information collection tasks are solely derived from specified tasks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the staff create to support the information collection requirements?

<p>An inventory of capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ of collection assets includes aspects like range, technical characteristics, and durability.

<p>capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor when evaluating collection assets?

<p>Temperature tolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The effective range of a collecting asset does not impact its ability to observe target activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following evaluation criteria with their respective explanations:

<p>Range = Ability to provide target coverage Sustainability = Capacity to operate over time Geolocation accuracy = Precision in identifying locations Vulnerability = Susceptibility to threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key consideration for communication requirements from a collection asset?

<p>The distance of the collection asset from the target</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the information collection activities in military operations?

<p>The commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information collection activities are only necessary during the initial phase of operations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does synchronization refer to in the context of military operations?

<p>The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commanders issue their commander’s intent to drive the operations process and direct __________ activities.

<p>information collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the staff functions involved in conducting information collection activities?

<p>Offensive maneuvering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of information collection with their correct descriptions:

<p>Planning = Establishing what information is needed Collection = Gathering data from various sources Processing = Organizing and refining collected information Dissemination = Sharing the information with relevant stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

Military operations requiring information collection vary in timeframe depending on the type of operation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the timeframe for gathering information during military operations?

<p>The echelon, assets engaged, and the type of operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used by the staff to integrate available resources into a plan?

<p>An integrated plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analysis during the Course of Action (COA) development process does not influence the recommended tasking of collection assets.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are CCIRs and why are they important during COA development?

<p>CCIRs are Commander's Critical Information Requirements, important for establishing initial requirements for each course of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the COA process, the staff assesses __________ to ensure that tasks are being accomplished effectively.

<p>progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>NAI = Named Area of Interest TAI = Target Area of Interest CCIR = Commander's Critical Information Requirements MDMP = Military Decision Making Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does collaboration between operations and intelligence staffs primarily focus on?

<p>Relationship of collection assets to friendly forces, terrain, and enemy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orders production process is the initial step in directing units to conduct information collection tasks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does the staff utilize to logically move through the war gaming process?

<p>Action-reaction-counteraction process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the sustainability of collection assets?

<p>Weather conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vulnerability in collection operations refers only to threat forces in the target area.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do staffs evaluate to understand the reliability of collection assets?

<p>Performance history</p> Signup and view all the answers

The collection system must assess its vulnerability to the threat's ability to __________ its assets.

<p>locate, identify, and destroy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the collection asset characteristics with their descriptions:

<p>Sustainability = Length of time assets can be used without additional resources Vulnerability = The risk of threat forces locating and destroying assets Performance history = Known reliability of collection assets Apportionment = Allocation of assets to subordinate echelons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does weather play in collection operations?

<p>It can significantly affect the sustainability of collection assets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect the effectiveness of collection sensors during varying light conditions?

<p>The weather and sensor design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All collection sensors are capable of operating at night or in limited visibility conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The longer the collection period, the easier it is to find assets for continuous activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must staffs analyze to determine the availability of collection assets?

<p>Higher headquarters order and scheduling mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'geolocation accuracy' in the context of collection assets?

<p>It refers to the ability of the collector to identify exact locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ of the collector refers to its ability to withstand challenging environmental conditions.

<p>durability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following collection sensor capabilities with their descriptions:

<p>High Wind Launch Capability = Ability to operate in strong winds Nighttime Operation = Functionality in low light conditions Urban Environment Performance = Effects on sensor capabilities in cities Geolocation Precision = Accuracy required for targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impact of urban environments on collection sensors?

<p>Urban environments degrade some sensor capabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collection assets must be able to report collected information regardless of the environmental conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermal crossover in relation to collection assets?

<p>It refers to the temperature difference that affects a sensor's ability to detect targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Commander's Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs)

The commander's primary information needs that are crucial for successful operations.

Information Collection

The process of gathering, processing, analyzing, and distributing information to support military operations.

Commander's Understanding, Visualization, and Decisionmaking

The process of understanding, visualizing, and making decisions about a battlefield based on collected information.

Synchronization

The integration and coordination of military actions in time, space, and purpose to achieve maximum combat effectiveness.

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Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB)

The process of gathering, processing, and disseminating information to support military operations, ensuring it's readily available to the commander.

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Information Collection Cycle

The continuous cycle of planning, preparing, executing, and assessing information collection activities.

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Staff Functions for Information Collection

The staff functions that support information collection activities, including planning, collecting, processing, analyzing, and disseminating.

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Focusing on Commander's Requirements

The focus of information collection activities should be on the commander's requirements, ensuring they get the right information at the right time.

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Specified Information Collection Tasks

Tasks specifically assigned to subordinate units, systems, sensors, or individual Soldiers. These tasks are clear and directly communicated.

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Implied Information Collection Tasks

Tasks that are not explicitly stated but are implied by the need to initialize a system or sensor for collection.

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Essential Information Collection Tasks

Tasks derived from specified and implied tasks. These tasks are the central focus of the information collection effort.

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Reviewing Available Collection Assets

A process of reviewing available assets and creating a comprehensive inventory of their capabilities for information collection.

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Range of Collection Asset

The maximum distance a collection asset can effectively function in. This includes both mission range and the distance from the target.

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Day and Night Effectiveness

The asset's ability to operate effectively both during daylight and nighttime hours.

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Reporting Timeliness

The time it takes for a collection asset to gather and report information.

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Geolocation Accuracy

The accuracy of the information provided by a collection asset in terms of location.

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Seeing through Obscurants

The ability of a sensor to collect information through obscuring elements like smoke, dust, or fog.

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Durability

The ability of a sensor to withstand environmental challenges, such as harsh weather conditions, high winds, or electronic interference.

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Environmental Effects

The impact of physical surroundings on the collection asset's performance. This can include terrain, urban environments, and weather.

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Ground Composition Analysis

The ability of a sensor to identify and understand the composition of the ground. This helps determine things like soil type, vegetation, and man-made objects.

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Technical Characteristics

The technical capabilities and limitations of a collection asset, including its range, flight time, and sensor capabilities.

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Sustainability in Collection

The ability of a collection asset to operate continuously without needing additional resources.

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Vulnerability in Collection

The potential for a collection asset to be detected, identified, and destroyed by enemy forces.

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Performance History in Collection

The known reliability of a collection asset based on its past performance.

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Asset Availability in Collection

The availability of collection assets and resources at different levels within a military structure.

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Terrain Transversability in Collection

The ability of a collection asset to cross restricted terrain, such as mountains, forests, or water.

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Threat Activity in Collection

The level of enemy activity identified by a collector.

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Collection System Capability

The ability of a collection system to acquire and report information about enemy activities.

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Vulnerability to Deception

The ability of a collection asset to resist deception by enemy forces.

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Information Collection Planning

Staff members work together to form a coordinated plan for using information collection assets, taking into account the needs of each course of action (COA) and the available resources.

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Asset Assessment

The staff assesses the relationships between collection assets and other friendly forces, the terrain and weather conditions, and the enemy situation to determine the effectiveness of collection operations.

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CCIR Refinement

The process of refining and tailoring the initial Commander's Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs) based on the specific needs of each course of action.

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War Gaming for Information Collection

The intelligence staff uses the results of the war game to identify gaps in information and refine collection requirements.

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Orders Production

The staff uses the chosen course of action to create a detailed order that directs units to carry out specific information collection tasks.

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Information Collection Assessment

Assessment is a continuous process that determines how well information collection activities are supporting the overall mission.

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Information Collection Integration

The staff integrates information collection activities with other operations, ensuring they are synchronized and coordinated to achieve common goals.

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Asset Mix and Redundancy

The staff uses a variety of assets to compensate for limitations and strengthen overall collection capabilities.

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Why Assess Information Collection?

Regularly assessing collection activities helps commanders and intelligence staff to monitor and evaluate the success of the operation. It ensures that all necessary information is obtained for tactical decision making.

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Monitoring and Reporting

It is the act of checking if a collection task has been completed and provides information about the overall status of the operation.

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Running Estimate

This is a continuous process of assessing the information collection tasks, understanding the needs of the mission, and updating the plan to better support the commander's decisions.

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Audit Trail

This document allows staffs to check which information needs were met and which were not. This helps them learn from past mistakes and improve future intelligence gathering.

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Post-Operation Assessment

After any operation, the staff analyzes the information collection activities and evaluates their effectiveness and accuracy. They make adjustments to ensure future missions have better results.

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Study Notes

Information Collection Planning and Assessment

  • Commanders direct information collection by approving critical information requirements (CCIRs) and driving the operations process.
  • Information collection success depends on aiding commander understanding, visualization, and decision-making.
  • Operations and information collection are interdependent. Commanders guide these activities through intent and approved CCIRs.
  • Information collection is continuous throughout the operation.
  • Commanders and staffs synchronize warfighting functions for mission accomplishment. Information collection activities are part of this synchronization, including intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB).
  • Synchronization is arranging military actions for maximum relative combat power.
  • Information collection planning is an ongoing cycle (planning, preparing, executing, assessing). Timeframes depend on echelon, assets, and operation type.
  • Information collection activities include functions like planning, collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, dissemination, integration, evaluation, and feedback.
  • Plans should connect to the overall operations plan. Collection assets are coordinated to answer commander requirements.
  • Information collection synchronizes assets to provide intelligence for course of action (COA) selection and targeting.
  • The intelligence staff ensures all available collection assets provide needed information.
  • Plans are based on initial threat assessments, and updated as needed.
  • Synchronized plans support the scheme of maneuver.
  • Information collection planning begins with IPB (threat characteristics, enemy templates, enemy COA statements, and event template)
  • The final step is well-defined CCIRs and collection strategies.

Personnel Recovery Support

  • Personnel recovery support focuses on collecting information to recover personnel isolated, missing, detained, or captured.
  • Support includes detailed analysis, products, and defense support of civil authorities.

Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP) and Information Collection Planning

  • Information collection planning is integral to MDMP, beginning with the mission receipt (e.g., warning order).
  • Information collection directly supports intelligence and operations products used during MDMP.
  • Information collection activities are continuous, cooperative, and interactive.
  • Intelligence and operations staffs collaborate in developing information collection products.
  • Information collection planning inputs and outputs during MDMP are detailed.
  • Commanders and staff shifts efforts to describing the operational environment using mission variables (receipt of mission).
  • Commanders provide initial guidance to staff.
  • Staff uses this to develop initial information collection tasks (first warning order).
  • Critical information is identified in commander's guidance.

Mission Analysis

  • Staff analyses higher headquarters orders to extract information collection tasks and constraints.
  • Analyzing orders includes limits of reconnaissance, availability of assets from higher echelons, and asset allocation.
  • Intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) is crucial for effective information collection planning.
  • IPB products include threat characteristics, terrain overlays, weather effects, enemy templates, COA statements, enemy templates, and high-payoff target lists.
  • These products help identify information gaps and guide threat and terrain considerations.
  • The staff uses geospatial information to develop line-of-sight products regarding terrain.

Determining Specified, Implied, and Essential Tasks

  • Staff identifies specified, implied, and essential information collection tasks.
  • Specified tasks target units, systems, sensors, and soldiers. Implied tasks detail system/sensor initialization.
  • Essential tasks are derived from specified and implied tasks.

Review Available Assets

  • Staff reviews all available assets, creating an inventory of capabilities.
  • Inventory based on higher HQ orders, assets under operational control, and assets from higher echelons.
  • Assets evaluated based on range, day/night effectiveness, technical characteristics, reporting timeliness, geolocation accuracy, and durability.
  • Staff considers operational conditions (weather, terrain, adversary activity) and availability of assets.

Reporting Timelines, Geolocation, and Durability

  • Reporting timeliness reviews time required to convert data for reporting.
  • Geolocation accuracy considers ability to determine exact locations (important for targeting).
  • Durability assesses stability and endurance of collection assets.

Threat Activity, Sustainability, Vulnerability

  • Threat activity considers how much activity the collector identifies.
  • Sustainability addresses a collector's resource use over time.
  • Vulnerability assesses a collector's susceptibility to threats (e.g., location, denial/deception).

Determining initial CCIRs and EEFI

  • Determining initial critical information requirements (CCIRs) and essential elements of friendly information (EEFI) is crucial.
  • EEFI/CCIRs refined from initial analysis of available intelligence, IPB, and unit/HQ requirements.
  • Staff recommends requirements to the commander for approval.

Developing the Initial Information Collection Plan

  • Initial information collection plan is generated from commanders' guidance, intelligence gaps, and enemy situation templates.
  • The initial plan should be generic, adaptable to COA development.

Requests for Information and Requests for Support

  • Information requests to higher or lateral echelons seek information beyond organic assets.
  • Requests are tracked and prioritized.
  • Feedback to higher headquarters needed to indicate if the requirement can be fulfilled.

Develop and Synchronize Production Requirements

  • Intelligence staffs ensure timely and relevant intelligence products to commanders and staffs.
  • Using analytical and production efforts, staffs answer CCIRs and provide situational understanding.

Course of Action Development

  • Staff uses IPB and enemy situation templates to integrate information collection considerations in COA development.
  • Staffs create information collection tasks to support each COA.
  • This step works to identify collection assets, terrain, and enemy scenarios.

Orders Production, Dissemination, and Transition

  • Staff transforms the selected COA into operations concepts and supporting information.
  • This produces operational orders.
  • Orders detail needed information for subordinate units.

Information Collection Assessment

  • Assessment focuses on monitoring and evaluating information collection progress.
  • Staffs monitor reports, and track how collection assets meet tasks.
  • A running estimate is used to assess accuracy and timeliness.
  • Post-operational assessments examine the collection plan's effectiveness.

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