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Questions and Answers
What is another term for the fallacy of accident?
Which fallacy involves presenting only two options as if they are the only possibilities?
What is the problem with the argument 'Birds can fly. Therefore, kiwis can fly'?
Which fallacy involves pressing someone to accept an argument by presenting a false dichotomy?
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What characterizes the fallacy of converse accident?
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In the context of fallacies, what does 'evading the facts' refer to?
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Which fallacy involves presenting a premise that needs proof as the main argument?
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Which fallacy involves repeating the issue in the premise in the conclusion using the exact same terms?
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Which fallacy is a question loaded with another hidden question that makes it complex?
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Which fallacy involves using false, vague, or faulty comparisons to make an argument?
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Which fallacy occurs when someone distorts facts through weak analogies or comparisons?
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Which fallacy involves making an argument based on a premise that needs proof itself?
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In the context of informal fallacies, what category of fallacies involves flaws in reasoning due to irrelevant, insufficient, or failing to support the conclusion?
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Which type of informal fallacy is committed when the person making the argument is attacked instead of addressing the argument itself?
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What type of informal fallacy involves attacking the character of the person making the argument by verbally abusing them?
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Which classification of informal fallacies involves errors arising from presuming something without adequate justification?
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What kind of informal fallacy is committed when the circumstances directly affecting the person making the argument are discussed instead of addressing the argument itself?
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Which type of informal fallacy involves errors in reasoning that make the premises irrelevant, insufficient, or fail to adequately support the conclusion?
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Study Notes
Informal Fallacies
- Errors in reasoning that can be detected only through analysis of the content of the argument
- Also known as material or contextual fallacies
Classifications of Informal Fallacies
- Relevance
- Presumption
- Ambiguity
Fallacies of Relevance
- Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument against the Man)
- Attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself
- Three forms:
- Abusive Ad Hominem (verbally abusing the person's character)
- Circumstantial Ad Hominem (discussing the circumstances directly affecting the person)
Fallacies of Overlooking Facts
- Accident (Sweeping Generalization or Dicto Simpliciter)
- Ignoring the possibility of an exception
- Example: "Birds can fly. Therefore, kiwis can fly."
- Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)
- The reverse of accident or sweeping generalization
- Example: "Maria and Martha got pregnant before marriage and they are happily married. Therefore, it's good to be pregnant before marriage."
- False Dilemma or Bifurcation
- Presenting only two options as if they are the only possibilities, when there are other viable alternatives
- Example: "If you really love me, then you'll give it to me. But if you don't, it means you didn't love me."
Fallacies of Evading Facts
- Petitio Principii (Begging the Question or Circular Reasoning)
- A premise that needs proof itself
- Two variants:
- Begging the Question (premise needs proof)
- Circular Reasoning (issue in the premise is repeated in the conclusion)
- Examples: "Useless courses like Logic should not be included in the baccalaureate curriculum. Therefore, we should not waste money for these courses.", "The Bible is the word of God because God tells us it is in the Bible."
- Complex Question
- A question loaded with another hidden question
- Example: "Have you stopped visiting my wife?"
- Special Pleading
- Pleading exemption for oneself or for people special to oneself without reasonable justification
- Example: "The law requires everyone to follow the speed limit and other traffic regulations, but exceptions should be made for cops and their families."
Fallacies of Distorting Facts
- Weak Analogy
- Similar names: false analogy, questionable analogy, fault analogy, vague similarities, and faulty comparison
- Example: (no specific example provided)
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Description
Test your knowledge on informal fallacies by learning about the two groups of fallacies: Formal and Informal. Understand how formal fallacies are related to errors in argument's form or structure, while informal fallacies are linked to errors in arguments' content.
