Influenza Patient Case Studies Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which patient was diagnosed with influenza A (H1N1) and treated with oseltamivir?

  • Patient A
  • Patient B (correct)
  • Patient C
  • None of the above

What treatment was prescribed for Patient A?

  • Amantadine (correct)
  • Oseltamivir
  • Ribavirin
  • Zanamivir

What was the primary reason for not immediately confirming the diagnosis for Patient C?

  • Need for additional tests with specific antibodies (correct)
  • Prior vaccination history
  • Patient's age
  • Insufficient viral load

Which patient exhibited a high viral load and was resistant to oseltamivir?

<p>Patient A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key learning outcome from the patient case studies?

<p>Limitations and complementary nature of diagnostic techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does viral pathogenesis primarily describe?

<p>The process by which a virus causes a disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of quantitating viral virulence?

<p>Measurement of cytokine levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence viral virulence?

<p>Season of the year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of viral virulence?

<p>It is relative and can vary depending on host factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can viruses potentially be beneficial?

<p>As part of gene therapy and biological control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by symptoms of a disease?

<p>Feelings and experiences that only the patient can report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic impact can plant viruses have?

<p>Cause approximately £40 billion worth of crop losses annually (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes egress in the viral life cycle?

<p>The release of newly formed viruses from the host cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a virus?

<p>An obligate intracellular parasite with genetic material, a protein coat, and sometimes an envelope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of performing a plaque assay?

<p>To measure infectivity by quantifying plaque-forming units. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a precaution to follow in the laboratory?

<p>Eating and drinking in the lab. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is classified as a direct method of diagnosing viral infections?

<p>Cell culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of viral components can be detected using indirect methods?

<p>Genetic material or proteins of the virus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of viral hijacking in the context of viral infection?

<p>To replicate and disseminate the virus using the host's cellular machinery. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential hazard in a virology lab?

<p>Handling potentially infectious agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay help in diagnosing?

<p>Virus-induced agglutination of red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

<p>2-8 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is primarily associated with the common cold?

<p>Rhinovirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of lower respiratory infections?

<p>Stridor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subtype of RSV is classified mainly based on its surface proteins?

<p>A and B subtypes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the high rate of reinfection with RSV?

<p>Lack of long-lasting immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of transmission for Rhinovirus?

<p>Aerosols and fomites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global annual impact of RSV in terms of health statistics?

<p>33 million cases, 3.4 million hospitalizations, up to 199,000 deaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory virus thrives best at lower temperatures around 32°C?

<p>Rhinovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment focus for coronaviruses?

<p>Symptom relief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strains is associated with the common cold?

<p>OC43 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the replication location of the influenza virus?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to seasonal flu outbreaks in influenza A?

<p>Antigenic Drift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is primarily targeted by rhinoviruses for infection?

<p>ICAM-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was SARS-CoV-2 identified as a key strain infecting humans?

<p>2019 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of viruses in terms of host immunity evasion?

<p>Suppressing interferon signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines are in ongoing development for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

<p>Pre-fusion glycoprotein-based vaccines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the viral capsid?

<p>To protect the viral genomic material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to directly detect the infectious virus?

<p>Virus isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is known for having a membrane envelope?

<p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of non-enveloped viruses compared to enveloped viruses?

<p>They are more resistant to pH and heat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does serology primarily detect in a patient's serum?

<p>Antibodies against viruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When identifying new viruses, which method is used for viruses with unknown targets?

<p>Metagenomic sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do surface proteins on viruses serve?

<p>They help in the recognition and binding to host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enveloped viruses typically exit host cells?

<p>By using host cell machinery to fuse with the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sampling is important for identifying viral infections?

<p>Samples determined by signs and symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true about viral genomes?

<p>They can be either DNA or RNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'host range' in virology?

<p>The variety of hosts that a virus can infect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral structure is typically more fragile?

<p>Envelopes of enveloped viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cryoEM in virology?

<p>To visualize viral structures at low temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus detection method is not suitable for all viruses due to its time-consuming nature?

<p>Virus titration on living cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Zoonotic Viruses

Viruses that have the potential to spread from animals to humans.

Virology

The study of viruses, including their structure, function, and interactions with host organisms.

Capsid

A protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus.

Viral Envelope

A lipid bilayer that surrounds some viruses, often containing glycoproteins.

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Viral Replication

The process by which viruses multiply within host cells.

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Flu-like Symptoms

Signs and symptoms that are commonly associated with many viral infections.

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Virus Isolation

A method for studying viruses by cultivating them in cell cultures.

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Detection of Virus Components

A method for detecting viral components, such as antigens or nucleic acids.

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Serology

A method for detecting antibodies against viruses in a patient's serum.

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Virus Titration

A method for determining the concentration of a virus in a sample.

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Virus Sequencing

A method for sequencing viral genomes.

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Viral Genome

The genetic material of a virus, which can be DNA or RNA.

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Host Range

The ability of a virus to infect and replicate in different types of cells or organisms.

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CryoEM

A type of microscopy used to study viruses at very high resolution.

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Viral Egress

The process by which a virus exits a host cell.

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Use multiple assays

When several different diagnostic tests are used to confirm or rule out a viral infection, to get a more accurate diagnosis and make better treatment decisions.

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Adamantane-class antiviral

A type of antiviral medication that can be used to treat influenza A infections.

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What is a virus?

A virus is a tiny infectious agent composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid) and possibly a membrane (envelope).

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What does "obligate intracellular parasite" mean in the context of viruses?

A virus is an obligate intracellular parasite, meaning it can only reproduce inside living cells.

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What are direct methods for viral diagnostics?

Direct methods assess infectivity by observing how a virus affects cells in a culture, for example, plaque assays.

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What are indirect methods for viral diagnostics?

Indirect methods detect viral components (e.g., proteins) using techniques like PCR or ELISA, which can identify specific viral parts.

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What is a plaque assay?

Plaque assays are a direct method used to quantify the amount of infectious virus in a sample by measuring the number of plaques formed on a cell culture.

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What are plaques in the context of a plaque assay?

Plaques are regions of cell death on a culture plate caused by the infection with a virus.

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What is haemagglutination (HA)?

Haemagglutination (HA) is a process where viruses bind to red blood cells, causing them to clump together, which can be used to detect the presence of certain viruses.

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What is haemagglutination inhibition (HI)?

Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is a technique that uses antibodies against a specific virus to block its ability to agglutinate (clump) red blood cells.

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Coronaviruses

Enveloped viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome that are the largest known RNA viruses. They infect a wide range of hosts, including bats and humans. Key examples in humans include the common cold viruses and the severe respiratory viruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.

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Antigenic Drift

Gradual accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of influenza viruses, leading to seasonal changes in the virus and reduced effectiveness of vaccines.

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Antigenic Shift

The reassortment of genome segments in influenza viruses, resulting in new combinations of genes and potentially causing pandemics. This occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same cell and exchange genetic material.

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Hemagglutinin (HA)

A viral glycoprotein that binds to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells, facilitating viral entry. It is crucial for influenza virus infection.

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Sialic acid receptor

A receptor on the surface of host cells that binds to the hemagglutinin protein of influenza viruses, allowing the virus to enter the cell.

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Neuraminidase (NA)

A viral glycoprotein that cleaves sialic acid residues from host cells, allowing newly formed influenza virus particles to be released from the infected cell. It is also a target for some antiviral medications.

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Nuclear Replication

A unique characteristic of influenza viruses where their replication occurs within the nucleus of the host cell. This is unlike most other RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm.

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What is RSV's global impact?

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants and young children, is responsible for an estimated 33 million cases, 3.4 million hospitalizations, and up to 199,000 deaths annually worldwide.

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Describe RSV's virology.

RSV is an enveloped, negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus classified into A and B subtypes based on differences in their F and G proteins.

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How does RSV affect the body?

RSV infection typically has an incubation period of 2-8 days. It causes the formation of syncytia (fused cells), inflammation, and excess mucus production, potentially leading to asthma development after infection.

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How is RSV diagnosed and treated?

RSV is primarily diagnosed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, a technique that detects viral genetic material. There is no specific treatment for RSV. Prophylactic palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, is available for high-risk infants, but it is expensive.

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Describe the virology of Rhinovirus.

Rhinovirus is a non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. It has three species (A, B, C) and approximately 160 serotypes.

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What role does Rhinovirus play in causing the common cold?

Rhinovirus is a major cause of the common cold, accounting for about 50% of upper respiratory infections. It is transmitted via aerosols, droplets, and fomites. It thrives in cooler temperatures and commonly replicates in the nasal cavity.

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What are some common symptoms and potential complications of a Rhinovirus infection?

Rhinovirus infection can cause symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, coughing, sore throat, and fatigue. It can exacerbate asthma, as the immune response triggers airway inflammation.

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Why is knowledge of respiratory viruses important?

Understanding the burden, virology, pathogenesis, and treatment of common respiratory viruses like RSV and Rhinovirus is crucial for effective prevention and management of these widespread infections.

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Viral Pathogenesis

The process by which a virus causes a disease. It involves the virus's effects on the host and the host's immune response.

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Viral Virulence

The ability of a virus to cause disease in a host. It can be measured using factors like virus titer or time to death.

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Virus Titer

The amount of virus present in a sample. Used to quantify viral virulence.

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Mean Time to Death

The average time it takes for an infected host to die.

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Mean Time to Appearance of Signs

The average time it takes for the signs of a viral infection to appear.

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Acute Infection

Viral infections that cause illness for a short period, followed by recovery or death.

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Long-term Infection

Viral infections that persist for an extended period, often without causing obvious symptoms.

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Oncogenic Viruses

Viruses that can cause cancer. They manipulate host cell processes to promote uncontrolled cell growth.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of influenza A (H1N1) through patient case studies. This quiz covers details about the treatments prescribed, diagnosis confirmations, and key learnings from the cases presented. Engage with the material to solidify your understanding of flu management and resistance patterns.

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