Influenza and Rotavirus Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the major cause of death in adults and children following influenza?

  • Cardiac involvement
  • Secondary bacterial pneumonia (correct)
  • Bronchitis
  • Croup

Which complication is specifically associated with children after influenza infections?

  • Myositis
  • Otitis media
  • Reye’s syndrome (correct)
  • Cardiac involvement

What treatment should be avoided in children with influenza to prevent Reye's syndrome?

  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen
  • Aspirin (correct)
  • Antibiotics

What method is used for the identification of the influenza virus in laboratory diagnosis?

<p>Isolation from respiratory secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of antigenic variation involves minor antigenic changes due to mutations?

<p>Antigenic drift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemagglutination-inhibition titration is primarily used to demonstrate what?

<p>Antibodies against influenza virus in serum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes antigenic shift in influenza A?

<p>Reassortment of RNA segments from different virus strains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT commonly associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza?

<p>Bordetella pertussis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the severe dehydration caused by rotavirus infection?

<p>Loss of fluids and electrolytes due to diarrhea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is at the highest risk for severe disease caused by rotavirus?

<p>Children aged 6 to 24 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rotavirus primarily enter the body?

<p>Ingestion through the fecal-oral route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is essential for protection against rotavirus infection?

<p>Presence of secretory IgA in the gut lumen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical symptom of rotavirus infection?

<p>Watery diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended supportive therapy for rotavirus diarrhea?

<p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used for laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection?

<p>Detection of viral antigen in stool samples (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of antibodies in colostrum do regarding rotavirus infection?

<p>Reduces the severity of the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a definitive sign for diagnosing measles?

<p>Koplik’s spots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a serious complication of measles that can occur 7 to 10 days after the rash?

<p>Encephalitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age range for patients to develop giant cell pneumonia related to measles?

<p>Infants and immunodeficient individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for the laboratory diagnosis of measles virus?

<p>PCR testing of urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of measles is the patient considered most infectious?

<p>Prodrome phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tends to happen to the measles rash as it progresses?

<p>It fades in the opposite order of its appearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidemiological characteristic of measles transmission?

<p>Highly contagious and spreads through respiratory secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) occurs in what fraction of measles cases?

<p>7 in 1 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected duration of the infectious period for mumps in relation to glandular swelling?

<p>6 days before and 9 days after (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serologic test for mumps measures antibodies to viral antigens on the surface of the viral particle?

<p>Complement-fixation test for 'V' antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for mumps?

<p>Symptomatic treatment for fever and dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for measles?

<p>7 to 13 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding immunity from measles is correct?

<p>Immunity is permanent following infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is the Jeryl Lynn vaccine considered for mumps?

<p>Live attenuated vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential contraindication for vaccination with the mumps vaccine for women?

<p>Pregnancy must be avoided for 3 months after vaccination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the measles virus primarily disseminated in the body after infection?

<p>Multiplies in mucosal lining and regional lymph nodes then spreads via primary viremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) enters the body during the initial infection?

<p>Via pharyngeal secretions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical symptoms is commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV?

<p>Fever and malaise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substantial complication can arise from infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV?

<p>Rupture of the spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is characteristic in diagnosing infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Lymphocytosis with atypical large lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies play in relation to EBV infection and its complications?

<p>They help control but have limited role (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During primary EBV infection, where does the virus multiply after entering the body?

<p>In the parotid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of lymphocytes during an EBV infection?

<p>They appear atypical with enlarged nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period duration for EBV infections before symptoms manifest?

<p>4 to 7 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of administration for the Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)?

<p>Intramuscularly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an arbovirus?

<p>Ebola (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes viral hemorrhagic fevers?

<p>Localized bleeding, fever, and shock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for yellow fever?

<p>3 to 7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is primarily used for viral hemorrhagic fevers?

<p>Supportive measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of viruses does NOT include arboviruses?

<p>Orthomyxoviruses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the transmission of arboviruses?

<p>Bite of an arthropod vector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mortality rate for yellow fever during epidemics can be approximately what percentage?

<p>10-50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bronchitis

A common complication of influenza in young children, characterized by inflammation of the bronchi.

Croup

An inflammation of the larynx and trachea, often causing a characteristic barking cough, especially in children.

Otitis Media

An infection of the middle ear, common in children, often caused by viruses.

Primary Viral Pneumonia

A viral infection of the lungs, often occurring after an initial respiratory infection.

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Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

A bacterial infection of the lungs that occurs as a complication of influenza, and is a leading cause of death.

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Myositis

An inflammation of the muscles, which can be a complication of influenza.

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Antigenic Drift

Antigenic drift is a gradual change in the influenza virus due to mutations in the hemagglutinin gene.

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Antigenic Shift

Antigenic shift is a sudden change in the influenza virus due to the replacement of the hemagglutinin gene by a different strain.

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Rotavirus incubation period

The period between exposure to the rotavirus and the onset of symptoms, typically lasting 48 hours.

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Rotavirus infection pathway

Rotavirus enters the body through the mouth, travels through the stomach, and attaches to the lining of the small intestine, where it starts to replicate.

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Rotavirus impact on water absorption

Rotavirus infection disrupts the absorption of water in the intestines, leading to increased fluid secretion and watery diarrhea.

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Rotavirus dehydration risk

The primary consequence of rotavirus infection is severe dehydration, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

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Rotavirus transmission

Rotavirus infection is commonly spread through the fecal-oral route, meaning the virus is transmitted through contact with infected feces.

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Rotavirus infection prognosis

Rotavirus infection is a self-limited disease, meaning it will resolve naturally, but untreated dehydration can lead to serious complications.

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Rotavirus laboratory diagnosis

Rotavirus infection can be detected by identifying the virus in stool samples using laboratory methods like enzyme immunoassay.

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Rotavirus treatment

The primary treatment for rotavirus infection focuses on replacing fluids and electrolytes to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

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Mumps

A viral infection characterized by swollen salivary glands, fever, and headache. It's often seen in children but can occur in adults.

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Infectious period of mumps

The presence of the virus in the saliva before and after the onset of symptoms.

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Transmission of mumps

The way mumps spreads from person to person.

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Cell culture

A laboratory test used to detect the presence of the virus by examining the cells for a characteristic change.

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Immunity to mumps

The ability to fight off infection, which is usually permanent after having mumps.

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MMR vaccine

A vaccine that helps protect against mumps, measles, and rubella.

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Measles (Rubeola)

A highly contagious, acute, febrile, exanthematous disease caused by measles virus.

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Incubation period of measles

The time it takes for measles symptoms to appear after exposure.

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Arboviruses

A group of viruses that are transmitted by the bite of an arthropod, such as mosquitoes or ticks.

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Yellow Fever

A severe systemic disease characterized by fever, bleeding, and organ damage, often affecting the liver and kidneys.

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Flaviviruses

A family of viruses that includes yellow fever virus, dengue virus, and Zika virus.

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Arboviral Encephalitis

One of the three types of diseases caused by arboviruses, characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.

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Ebola Virus Disease

A severe, often fatal disease characterized by high fever, bleeding, and organ failure. Spread by contact with infected animals or humans.

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Ebola Fever/Hemorrhagic Fever

A viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus, transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids.

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Marburg Fever

A viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus, transmitted through contact with infected animals or humans.

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Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

A disease characterized by fever, bleeding, and organ damage. It is caused by a variety of viruses, including arboviruses like yellow fever and rift valley fever.

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How is measles transmitted?

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that spreads through respiratory secretions, primarily through coughing and sneezing. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and replicates in the body, leading to a characteristic rash and other symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis.

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What are the symptoms of the prodromal stage of measles?

The prodromal stage of measles is characterized by general malaise, fever, sore throat, dry cough, coryza (runny nose), headache, and conjunctivitis. This stage is also associated with photophobia and lymphadenitis.

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What are Koplik's spots, and how do they help diagnose measles?

Koplik's spots are small, white, grayish, or bluish spots with a red halo that appear on the buccal mucosa (inner cheek) and are a hallmark sign of measles. They are typically observed during the prodromal phase and are diagnostic of measles.

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Describe the characteristics of the measles rash.

The measles rash is a maculopapular rash that typically begins on the head and face and spreads to the body and extremities. The rash takes about 1 to 2 days to cover the body and fades in the same order it appeared. The fever is highest and the patient is sickest on the first day of the rash.

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What is encephalitis, and why is it a serious complication of measles?

Encephalitis is a serious complication of measles that occurs in about 1 in 2000 cases. It is marked by inflammation of the brain and can be fatal. This complication typically begins 7-10 days after the rash.

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What is SSPE, and what makes it a unique complication of measles?

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, very late neurologic sequelae of measles. It occurs in about 7 out of every million measles cases. The defective measles virus remains in the brain and acts as a slow virus, leading to progressive neurological degeneration, intellectual and neurological impairment, coma, and eventually death.

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Why is it difficult to diagnose measles in the lab?

Measles virus is difficult to isolate and grow in the lab, requiring specialized techniques such as virus isolation from various samples (nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, urine, brain tissue), cultivation in cell cultures, or identification of the virus via immunofluorescence.

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When is a person with measles contagious?

Measles is a highly contagious disease spread through respiratory secretions, primarily through coughing and sneezing. The virus can be transmitted during the incubation period, the prodromal phase, and even during the rash stage.

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What is Epstein-Barr Virus?

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is a common virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (mono) and is linked to certain cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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What is Infectious Mononucleosis?

Infectious mononucleosis, commonly called "mono", is an acute infectious disease primarily affecting lymphoid tissue throughout the body. It's characterized by fever, fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

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How does EBV infect the body?

EBV enters the body through saliva and replicates in the epithelial cells of the oropharynx, then spreads to parotid glands, lymph nodes, and eventually infects B-lymphocytes, leading to B-cell proliferation and T-cell activation.

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What is the Incubation Period for EBV?

The incubation period for EBV is 4-7 weeks, meaning it takes that long for symptoms to appear after exposure to the virus.

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How does EBV persist in the body?

EBV persists in a latent form within B-lymphocytes even after the initial infection, meaning it can reactivate later on.

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How is EBV infection controlled?

A strong cell-mediated immune response is needed to control EBV infection and prevent complications. The role of antibodies in fighting EBV is limited.

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What is the duration and possible complications of EBV infection?

EBV infection typically lasts for 2-3 weeks and is rarely fatal, but it can cause complications like neurological disorders, laryngeal obstruction, or spleen rupture.

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How is EBV infection diagnosed?

A differential blood count can help diagnose EBV infection by showing high levels of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis), abnormal lymphocytes with fenestrated nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm, and low levels of neutrophils (neutropenia).

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Study Notes

Viral Infectious Diseases

  • Viruses infect all living things, but are not considered alive.
  • They are particles of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
  • They are inert until they can invade a host.
  • Viruses are obligate intracellular infectious agents.
  • They are smaller than bacteria (10-300 nm).
  • They cannot multiply outside a living host.
  • Viruses are being used to develop new medical treatments and gene therapy.

Pathogenesis of Viral Infections

  • Cellular responses to viral infection may result in no change, a cytopathic effect, or cell death (lytic infection).
  • Another response is hyperplasia (non-lytic infection).
  • The type of response depends on the viral agent and host cell.
  • Three patterns of viral infections are: localized, disseminated and inapparent infections.
  • Localized infection remains at the site of entry to the host.
  • Disseminated infections affect multiple organs.
  • Inapparent infections may have mild or no symptoms.

Grouping of Viruses by Pathogenic Characteristics in Man

  • Viruses are grouped by their major target organs
  • Influenza viruses cause respiratory infections.
  • Respiratory syncytial virus causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
  • Rhinoviruses cause the common cold,
  • Adenoviruses cause pharyngitis and conjunctivitis , and more.
  • These viruses affect the Respiratory tract and can affect multiple areas at the same time.
  • Viral infections can be spread by aerosol and the transmission from individuals.

Slow Viral Infections

  • These infections have long periods of infection — often years — before the disease is apparent.
  • Examples include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
  • SSPE follows an initial measles infection (or perhaps a measles vaccination).
  • Progressive encephalitis (PE) is a similarly progressive disease, though faster than SSPE.
  • PE is associated with early or congenital rubella infection.
  • Kuru is a degenerative cerebellar disease.
  • Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is another fatal disease that involves spongiform encephalopathy resulting in accumulation of altered proteins in the brain.

Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV)

  • HSV cause latent infections with recurrent infections at irregular intervals.
  • Two types of HSV infection exist, HSV-1 (commonly associated with oral herpes) and HSV-2 (commonly associated with genital herpes).
  • HSV infection during infancy can lead to severe generalized infection and high mortality.
  • Symptoms include: fever, malaise, and oral lesions.
  • Complications can include encephalitis, keratitis, and more severe disseminated infections.

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

  • Varicella (chickenpox) is caused by VZV in its primary infection stage; causing a rash and fever.
  • Herpes zoster (shingles) is the recurrent infection, typically affecting a single nerve root.
  • VZV spreads through direct contact or aerosol transmission.
  • Complications of varicella include pneumonia and encephalitis.
  • Complications of shingles include postherpetic neuralgia and ophthalmic involvement.
  • Diagnosis typically includes inspection of the lesions and tests like ELISA,PCR and culture.

Human Herpes Virus Infections (HHV)

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated with infectious mononucleosis.
  • HHV-7 and HHV-6 are associated with infectious mononucleosis in children.
  • HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Poxvirus Diseases

  • Smallpox a highly infectious, fatal pustular disease
  • Smallpox is initiated via the respiratory system, spreading to local lymph nodes and bloodstream.
  • Smallpox causes fever, headache, backache, etc..
  • Symptoms include a characteristic rash progressing through macules to vesicles to crusting.

Human Papillomavirus Infections (HPV)

  • HPV causes benign tumors of the skin and mucous membranes, or warts.
  • Some HPV types are linked to cervical cancer.
  • HPV-6 and HPV-11 are linked to laryngeal and anogenital warts.
  • HPV-16 and HPV-18 are linked to cervical dysplasia, leading to cancer.
  • Diagnosis typically is through physical examination, tissue sampling or biopsies, and in some cases, molecular detection, to confirm HPV presence.

Zoonotic Diseases

  • Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are passed from animals to humans.
  • Examples include rabies, ebola, and marburg fevers.

Viral Hepatitis

  • Viral hepatitis is a disease in which multiple viruses—HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV—cause inflammation of the liver.
  • Symptoms range from asymptomatic to acute with complications like cirrhosis and liver failure.
  • Diagnosis includes blood tests to detect viral or antibody markers associated with the infection.
  • Treatment focuses on symptomatic support to treat the infection.

Retrovirus Infections

  • Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that replicate via a DNA intermediate.
  • Examples of retroviruses include HIV-1 and HIV-2, which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • HIV infection causes progressive decrease in the number of CD4 T cells, making the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
  • Treatment and prevention focus on suppressing viral replication through antiretroviral therapy ( ART).

Non-Arthropod-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers

  • Non-arthropod-borne hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses like Ebola, Marburg, and some hantaviruses.
  • Characterized by severe bleeding, fever, and shock.
  • Diagnosis involves isolation and identification of the virus.

Arthropod-Borne Virus Infections

  • These diseases are transmitted through insect vectors such as mosquitos, ticks and sandflies .
  • Yellow fever is a significant disease with a high fatality rate which is transmitted through mosquito bites.

General Viral Infections Notes

  • Many viral infections can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on the severity of the infection.
  • Some viruses can lead to chronic infections which can persist for long periods of time.
  • Treatments for viral infections are frequently symptomatic.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the complications, treatments, and laboratory methods related to influenza and rotavirus. This quiz covers major causes of death, specific complications in children, and essential immunity aspects. Perfect for students in health and medical fields.

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