Influenza and Rotavirus Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the major cause of death in adults and children following influenza?

Cardiac involvement

Secondary bacterial pneumonia (correct)

Bronchitis

Croup

Which complication is specifically associated with children after influenza infections?

Myositis

Otitis media

Reye’s syndrome (correct)

Cardiac involvement

What treatment should be avoided in children with influenza to prevent Reye's syndrome?

Acetaminophen

Ibuprofen

Aspirin (correct)

Antibiotics

What method is used for the identification of the influenza virus in laboratory diagnosis?

Isolation from respiratory secretions Signup and view all the answers

What kind of antigenic variation involves minor antigenic changes due to mutations?

Antigenic drift Signup and view all the answers

Hemagglutination-inhibition titration is primarily used to demonstrate what?

Antibodies against influenza virus in serum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes antigenic shift in influenza A?

Reassortment of RNA segments from different virus strains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT commonly associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza?

Bordetella pertussis Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the severe dehydration caused by rotavirus infection?

Loss of fluids and electrolytes due to diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is at the highest risk for severe disease caused by rotavirus?

Children aged 6 to 24 months Signup and view all the answers

How does rotavirus primarily enter the body?

Ingestion through the fecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is essential for protection against rotavirus infection?

Presence of secretory IgA in the gut lumen Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical symptom of rotavirus infection?

Watery diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended supportive therapy for rotavirus diarrhea?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used for laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection?

Detection of viral antigen in stool samples Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of antibodies in colostrum do regarding rotavirus infection?

Reduces the severity of the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a definitive sign for diagnosing measles?

Koplik’s spots Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a serious complication of measles that can occur 7 to 10 days after the rash?

Encephalitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common age range for patients to develop giant cell pneumonia related to measles?

Infants and immunodeficient individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT used for the laboratory diagnosis of measles virus?

PCR testing of urine Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of measles is the patient considered most infectious?

Prodrome phase Signup and view all the answers

What tends to happen to the measles rash as it progresses?

It fades in the opposite order of its appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidemiological characteristic of measles transmission?

Highly contagious and spreads through respiratory secretions Signup and view all the answers

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) occurs in what fraction of measles cases?

7 in 1 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected duration of the infectious period for mumps in relation to glandular swelling?

6 days before and 9 days after Signup and view all the answers

Which serologic test for mumps measures antibodies to viral antigens on the surface of the viral particle?

Complement-fixation test for 'V' antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for mumps?

Symptomatic treatment for fever and dehydration Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for measles?

7 to 13 days Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding immunity from measles is correct?

Immunity is permanent following infection Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is the Jeryl Lynn vaccine considered for mumps?

Live attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential contraindication for vaccination with the mumps vaccine for women?

Pregnancy must be avoided for 3 months after vaccination Signup and view all the answers

How is the measles virus primarily disseminated in the body after infection?

Multiplies in mucosal lining and regional lymph nodes then spreads via primary viremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method through which Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) enters the body during the initial infection?

Via pharyngeal secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical symptoms is commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV?

Fever and malaise Signup and view all the answers

What substantial complication can arise from infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV?

Rupture of the spleen Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory finding is characteristic in diagnosing infectious mononucleosis?

Lymphocytosis with atypical large lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies play in relation to EBV infection and its complications?

They help control but have limited role Signup and view all the answers

During primary EBV infection, where does the virus multiply after entering the body?

In the parotid gland Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of lymphocytes during an EBV infection?

They appear atypical with enlarged nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period duration for EBV infections before symptoms manifest?

4 to 7 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of administration for the Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)?

Intramuscularly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an arbovirus?

Ebola Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes viral hemorrhagic fevers?

Localized bleeding, fever, and shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for yellow fever?

3 to 7 days Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is primarily used for viral hemorrhagic fevers?

Supportive measures Signup and view all the answers

Which group of viruses does NOT include arboviruses?

Orthomyxoviruses Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the transmission of arboviruses?

Bite of an arthropod vector Signup and view all the answers

The mortality rate for yellow fever during epidemics can be approximately what percentage?

10-50% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Viral Infectious Diseases

Viruses infect all living things, but are not considered alive.
They are particles of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
They are inert until they can invade a host.
Viruses are obligate intracellular infectious agents.
They are smaller than bacteria (10-300 nm).
They cannot multiply outside a living host.
Viruses are being used to develop new medical treatments and gene therapy.

Pathogenesis of Viral Infections

Cellular responses to viral infection may result in no change, a cytopathic effect, or cell death (lytic infection).
Another response is hyperplasia (non-lytic infection).
The type of response depends on the viral agent and host cell.
Three patterns of viral infections are: localized, disseminated and inapparent infections.
Localized infection remains at the site of entry to the host.
Disseminated infections affect multiple organs.
Inapparent infections may have mild or no symptoms.

Grouping of Viruses by Pathogenic Characteristics in Man

Viruses are grouped by their major target organs
Influenza viruses cause respiratory infections.
Respiratory syncytial virus causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
Rhinoviruses cause the common cold,
Adenoviruses cause pharyngitis and conjunctivitis , and more.
These viruses affect the Respiratory tract and can affect multiple areas at the same time.
Viral infections can be spread by aerosol and the transmission from individuals.

Slow Viral Infections

These infections have long periods of infection — often years — before the disease is apparent.
Examples include subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE).
SSPE follows an initial measles infection (or perhaps a measles vaccination).
Progressive encephalitis (PE) is a similarly progressive disease, though faster than SSPE.
PE is associated with early or congenital rubella infection.
Kuru is a degenerative cerebellar disease.
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is another fatal disease that involves spongiform encephalopathy resulting in accumulation of altered proteins in the brain.

Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV)

HSV cause latent infections with recurrent infections at irregular intervals.
Two types of HSV infection exist, HSV-1 (commonly associated with oral herpes) and HSV-2 (commonly associated with genital herpes).
HSV infection during infancy can lead to severe generalized infection and high mortality.
Symptoms include: fever, malaise, and oral lesions.
Complications can include encephalitis, keratitis, and more severe disseminated infections.

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

Varicella (chickenpox) is caused by VZV in its primary infection stage; causing a rash and fever.
Herpes zoster (shingles) is the recurrent infection, typically affecting a single nerve root.
VZV spreads through direct contact or aerosol transmission.
Complications of varicella include pneumonia and encephalitis.
Complications of shingles include postherpetic neuralgia and ophthalmic involvement.
Diagnosis typically includes inspection of the lesions and tests like ELISA,PCR and culture.

Human Herpes Virus Infections (HHV)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated with infectious mononucleosis.
HHV-7 and HHV-6 are associated with infectious mononucleosis in children.
HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Poxvirus Diseases

Smallpox a highly infectious, fatal pustular disease
Smallpox is initiated via the respiratory system, spreading to local lymph nodes and bloodstream.
Smallpox causes fever, headache, backache, etc..
Symptoms include a characteristic rash progressing through macules to vesicles to crusting.

Human Papillomavirus Infections (HPV)

HPV causes benign tumors of the skin and mucous membranes, or warts.
Some HPV types are linked to cervical cancer.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 are linked to laryngeal and anogenital warts.
HPV-16 and HPV-18 are linked to cervical dysplasia, leading to cancer.
Diagnosis typically is through physical examination, tissue sampling or biopsies, and in some cases, molecular detection, to confirm HPV presence.

Zoonotic Diseases

Zoonotic diseases are diseases that are passed from animals to humans.
Examples include rabies, ebola, and marburg fevers.

Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a disease in which multiple viruses—HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV—cause inflammation of the liver.
Symptoms range from asymptomatic to acute with complications like cirrhosis and liver failure.
Diagnosis includes blood tests to detect viral or antibody markers associated with the infection.
Treatment focuses on symptomatic support to treat the infection.

Retrovirus Infections

Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that replicate via a DNA intermediate.
Examples of retroviruses include HIV-1 and HIV-2, which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
HIV infection causes progressive decrease in the number of CD4 T cells, making the host vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
Treatment and prevention focus on suppressing viral replication through antiretroviral therapy ( ART).

Non-Arthropod-Borne Hemorrhagic Fevers

Non-arthropod-borne hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses like Ebola, Marburg, and some hantaviruses.
Characterized by severe bleeding, fever, and shock.
Diagnosis involves isolation and identification of the virus.

Arthropod-Borne Virus Infections

These diseases are transmitted through insect vectors such as mosquitos, ticks and sandflies .
Yellow fever is a significant disease with a high fatality rate which is transmitted through mosquito bites.

General Viral Infections Notes

Many viral infections can cause mild to severe symptoms depending on the severity of the infection.
Some viruses can lead to chronic infections which can persist for long periods of time.
Treatments for viral infections are frequently symptomatic.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the complications, treatments, and laboratory methods related to influenza and rotavirus. This quiz covers major causes of death, specific complications in children, and essential immunity aspects. Perfect for students in health and medical fields.