Influence of Physical, Social, and Cultural Settings on Children's Development

Reciprocity and Self-Interest

• Self-Interest Reciprocity: Involves exchanges where one party acts purely for their own benefit, without consideration for the other party's needs or interests.

Family Systems Model by Minuchin

• Source of Stress: Focuses on a specific family member, creating dynamics that can contribute to the overall stress within the family system.

Ecological Context

• Direct Impact Level: The level that affects the individual directly is the microsystem, involving immediate environments like family and school.

Vygotsky's Concepts

• ZPD: Stands for Zone of Proximal Development, a theory highlighting the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.

Human Development Principle

• Orderly Process Principle: Suggests that human development follows a predictable and systematic progression.

Reciprocity Without Exact Ledger

• Balanced Reciprocity: Refers to an exchange type where balance is expected over time but without maintaining precise records of exchanges.

Reciprocating Influences in Child Development

• Concept Overview: Describes how children and their environments mutually influence one another, emphasizing the dynamic interplay of personal and contextual factors in development.

Richard Bell's Law of Reciprocity (1979)

• Law Definition: Suggests that supportive actions and exchanges between individuals create mutual obligations, encouraging ongoing cooperation among them.

Robert Cairns' Emphasis (1998)

• Child Development Focus: Highlighted the role of social influences, specifically the impact of peer relationships and interactions on child development.

Environmental Influence on Children's Behavior

• The environment plays a crucial role in shaping children's behavior, affecting their emotional and social development through various contextual factors.

Bidirectionality in Child Development

• Refers to the concept that influences in child development flow both ways, meaning that children affect their environment just as much as it affects them.

Cairns on Parent-Child Influence (1998)

• Influence Dynamics: Suggested that parents and children mutually influence each other, indicating that the relationship is interactive and constantly evolving.