Lec 5 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

How do fat cells contribute to the development of diabetes?

  • By transforming into muscle cells, decreasing glucose absorption.
  • By storing excess glucose, leading to insulin resistance.
  • By directly attacking pancreatic cells, reducing insulin production.
  • By releasing inflammatory cytokines, disrupting insulin function. (correct)

    • Which dietary component is most likely to contribute to chronic inflammation?

  • Foods high in saturated fats and sugar. (correct)
  • Foods containing natural COX-2 inhibitors.
  • Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
  • Foods abundant in antioxidants.

    • What is a primary mechanism through which omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation?

  • By increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines.
  • By inhibiting the release of glucose from the liver.
  • By directly neutralizing free radicals.
  • By reducing inflammatory cytokines. (correct)

    • If a patient is at risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s, which of the following dietary changes would be most appropriate?

    <p>Incorporate more fish and omega-3 fatty acids into the diet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a lifestyle choice that could help control inflammation and prevent disease?

    <p>Regular exercise combined with a balanced diet and weight management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why redness is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Dilation of capillaries and increased blood flow to the inflamed area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute inflammation?

    <p>Autoimmune disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by a thick, fibrous exudate?

    <p>Fibrinous inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine release from mast cells results in which of the following?

    <p>Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotrienes are produced by which of the following pathways?

    <p>Lipoxygenase pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of events in extravasation?

    <p>Rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extravasation, what is the function of selectins?

    <p>Initiating the rolling adhesion of leukocytes along the endothelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a drug designed to inhibit extravasation be beneficial?

    <p>To minimize tissue damage caused by excessive inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natalizumab inhibits extravasation by which mechanism?

    <p>Blocking the interaction between integrins on leukocytes and adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is characteristic of the resolution phase of acute inflammation?

    <p>Transition from neutrophil to monocyte/macrophage infiltration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of 'stop signals' in the context of inflammation?

    <p>To promote monocyte migration, differentiation into macrophages, and removal of dead cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a homeostatic function associated with COX-1 activity?

    <p>GI tract protection and platelet function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotriene A4 is a precursor to which of the following?

    <p>LTC4 and LTD4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism primarily accounts for the generation of free radicals during the inflammatory response?

    <p>The NADPH oxidase complex in phagocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are free radicals dangerous in the context of inflammation?

    <p>They can damage DNA, lipids, and proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of chronic inflammation but not typically of acute inflammation?

    <p>Fibrosis and angiogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant type of immune cell involved in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a primary role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Inducing fibrosis through secretion of growth factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes COX-2 from COX-1?

    <p>COX-2 expression is induced during inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?

    <p>To contain and isolate persistent injurious agents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does fibroblast play in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Promoting proliferation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the TIME article, how is chronic inflammation linked to heart disease?

    <p>By destabilizing cholesterol plaques in the arteries, leading to clot formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the TIME article, how might inflammation contribute to cancer development?

    <p>By releasing oxygen free radicals that can damage DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    Five key symptoms: pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat.

    Causes of Acute Inflammation

    Triggers include infections, trauma, chemicals, necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions.

    Types of Inflammation

    Includes acute, serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, necrotizing, membranous, and suppurative.

    Mast Cell Mediators

    Mast cells release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins during inflammation.

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    Extravasation

    The process by which leukocytes exit capillaries to reach infected tissues.

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    Rolling Adhesion

    Leukocytes weakly bind to selectin proteins on endothelial cells to slow down.

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    Diapedesis

    Leukocytes slow down and squeeze through the endothelium into tissues.

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    Chemotaxis

    Movement of leukocytes towards pathogens in response to a chemical gradient.

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    Diabetes and Fat Cells

    Fat cells release cytokines that can disrupt insulin function, leading to diabetes.

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    Pro-inflammatory Foods

    Foods high in sugar, saturated fats, and processed items that promote chronic inflammation.

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    Anti-inflammatory Foods

    Foods like fruits, vegetables, and fish that reduce inflammation and improve health.

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    Omega-3 Fatty Acids

    Found in fish; help decrease inflammatory cytokines and lower disease risk.

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    Lifestyle and Inflammation

    Diet, exercise, and weight management can control inflammation and prevent diseases.

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    Natalizumab

    A humanized monoclonal antibody used for MS and Crohn's disease treatment.

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    Resolution of Inflammation

    The process where inflammation subsides as the injury heals.

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    Stop Signals of Inflammation

    Signals that facilitate monocyte migration and macrophage differentiation.

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    Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway

    Pathway converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

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    Free Radical Formation

    Created via phagocytosis when neutrophils kill pathogens.

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    Danger of Free Radicals

    They can damage DNA, lipids, and proteins in cells.

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    Chronic Inflammation

    Prolonged inflammation resulting in active tissue damage and repair.

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    Acute vs Chronic Inflammation

    Acute is short-term with neutrophils, chronic is long-term with mononuclear cells.

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    Role of Macrophages

    Play a role in tissue injury and repair in chronic inflammation.

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    Granuloma

    A cluster of transformed macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes.

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    Fibroblasts in Chronic Inflammation

    Cells responsible for collagen synthesis and tissue remodeling.

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    C-reactive Protein (CRP)

    A marker indicating chronic inflammation linked to heart disease.

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    COX-1 vs COX-2

    COX-1 is for homeostatic functions, while COX-2 is induced during inflammation.

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    Nutrition's Role in Inflammation

    Diet can influence the body’s inflammatory processes.

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    Study Notes

    Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Pain: Caused by the release of chemicals that make nerve endings more sensitive.
    • Redness: More blood in the capillaries.
    • Immobility: Potential loss of function.
    • Swelling: Fluid accumulation from blood.
    • Heat: Increased blood flow to the affected area.

    Causes of Acute Inflammation

    • Infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and microbial toxins.
    • Trauma (blunt and penetrating).
    • Physical and chemical agents (burns, frostbite, irradiation, chemicals).
    • Tissue necrosis.
    • Foreign bodies.
    • Immune reactions (hypersensitivity).

    Types of Inflammation

    • Acute inflammation (without neutrophils).
    • Allergic acute inflammation.
    • Serous inflammation (body cavities).
    • Catarrhal inflammation (mucous membranes).
    • Fibrinous inflammation.
    • Necrotizing/hemorrhagic inflammation.
    • Membranous/pseudomembranous inflammation.
    • Suppurative/purulent inflammation.

    Mast Cell Messengers

    • Granule Release:
      • Histamine: Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and chemotaxis.
      • Proteoglycans: Bind granule proteases.
      • Neutral proteases and β-glucosaminidase: Activate complement, split off glucosamine.
      • ECF and NCF: Chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils.
      • Platelet-activating factor: Mediator release.
      • IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF: Activate macrophages, initiate acute phase proteins.
    • Lipoxygenase Pathway: Leukotrienes C4, D4 (SRS-A), B4 (vasoactive, bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis).
    • Cyclooxygenase Pathway: Prostaglandins and thromboxanes (affect bronchial muscle, platelet aggregation, vasodilation).

    Extravasation Process:

    • Rolling Adhesion: Leukocytes bind transiently to selectin proteins on endothelial cells.
    • Tight Binding: Integrins on leukocytes bind to adhesion proteins on endothelial cells (e.g., TNF-a inducing LFA-1 and ICAM-1 expression).
    • Diapedesis: Leukocytes slow down and exit blood vessels.
    • Migration: Leukocytes move through tissues toward pathogens via chemotaxis.

    Extravasation Inhibition (Drug Use)

    • Natalizumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to a4-integrin and prevents adhesion to endothelial cells. Used to treat MS and Crohn’s disease.

    Resolution Stage of Acute Inflammation

    • Anti-inflammatory mechanisms activate as the injurious agent is gone.
    • The inflammatory response subsides and the host returns to normal health.

    Stop Signals/Checkpoints of Inflammation

    • Lipoxins, resolvins, other prostaglandins
    • Monocyte migration and differentiation into macrophages. Macrophages remove dead cells and exit the inflammation site.

    Arachidonate to Prostaglandins/Thromboxanes

    • Arachidonic acid.
    • COX-1 (constitutive): Homeostatic functions (e.g., GI, renal, platelets).
    • COX-2 (induced): Inflammation (e.g., cytokine-induced).
    • Phospholipid-arachidonate → Phospholipase A2 → Arachidonate → Cyclooxygenase activity of COX → PGG2 → Peroxidase activity → PGH2 → Prostaglandins/Thromboxanes.

    Lipoxygenase Pathway for Leukotrienes/Lipoxins

    • Arachidonic acid → Lipoxygenase → 12-Hydroperoxyeicosateraenoate (12-HPETE) → Leukotrienes.
    • Arachidonic acid → Lipoxygenase → 5-HPETE → Leukotriene A4 → LTC4 → LTD4 → Lipoxins.

    Free Radical Creation During Inflammation

    • Phagocytes kill pathogens using free radicals.
    • Neutrophil phagocytosis → Phagosome fusion → pH rise → Antimicrobial response activated → Bacterium killed→ pH dec → Lysosome fusion → Complete degradation → Neutrophil apoptosis → Macrophage phagocytosis.
    • NADPH oxidase complex (cytochrome b558, free Fe2+, hydroxyl radical, superoxide ion).

    Dangers of Free Radicals

    • Escape into cytoplasm/nucleus.
    • Damage to DNA, lipids, and proteins, changing nucleotide residues.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Long-term inflammation (weeks/months).
    • Active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair happening simultaneously.
    • Often follows acute inflammation, beginning insidiously as a low-grade, smoldering response.
    • Causes tissue damage in diseases like RA, atherosclerosis, TB, chronic lung disease.

    Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

    Feature Acute Chronic
    Duration Short Prolonged
    Infiltration Neutrophils/Macrophages Mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
    Specific characteristics Vascular changes, edema Tissue destruction, repair
    Healing/Resolution Usually resolves Difficult/prolonged resolution

    Macrophages in Chronic Inflammation

    • Tissue Injury: Toxic oxygen metabolites, proteases, neutrophil chemotactic factor, coagulation factors, AA metabolites, nitric oxide.
    • Fibrosis: Growth factors (PDGF, FGF, TGFβ), fibrogenic cytokines, angiogenesis factors (FGF), collagen remodeling.

    COX-1 and COX-2 in Inflammation

    • COX-1: Constitutive enzyme, involved in homeostatic functions.
    • COX-2: Induced enzyme, crucial in inflammation.
    • Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) induce COX-2.

    Granuloma

    • Microscopic aggregation of transformed macrophages (epithelium-like cells) surrounded by mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes, plasma cells).
    • Purpose: Contain and isolate pathogens or foreign agents.

    Fibroblast Role in Chronic Inflammation

    • Increased proliferation, collagen synthesis, collagenase, and protease production, increasing PGE synthesis.

    Chronic Inflammation and Disease (based on TIME article):

    • Heart Disease: Chronic inflammation contributes by destabilizing cholesterol plaques and promoting clots. CRP levels correlate with risk.
    • Cancer: Inflammation might promote development. Inflammatory cells release free radicals damaging DNA and contributing to uncontrolled cell growth.
    • Alzheimer's: Brain inflammation exacerbates cognitive decline. Glial cell release inflammatory cytokines.
    • Diabetes: Fat cells release inflammatory cytokines disrupting insulin function.
    • Nutrition and Inflammation:
      • Pro-inflammatory Foods: High sugar, saturated fats, processed foods.
      • Anti-inflammatory Foods: Fruits/vegetables (antioxidants), fish (Omega-3s), natural COX-2 inhibitors (turmeric, polyphenols).
    • Lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, weight management) to control inflammation and prevent diseases.

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    Description

    Explore the five cardinal signs of inflammation, along with their causes and various types. This quiz will test your understanding of how inflammation affects the body and the role of mast cells in this process. Perfect for students studying biology or medical science.

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