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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT an etiology of inflammation?
Which cell type is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Which mechanism is the first change observed in the microcirculation during inflammation?
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What does the term 'hyperaemia' refer to in the context of inflammation?
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What duration defines acute inflammation?
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Which cell type is predominantly involved in chronic inflammation?
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What is one cause of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following diseases is categorized as an autoimmune mediated inflammatory disease?
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What characteristic describes granulomatous inflammation?
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What primarily composes a granuloma?
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Which substance is known for causing prolonged exposure leading to chronic inflammation?
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Which type of chronic inflammation is characterized by the formation of giant cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?
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What role do epitheloid cells play in chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary difference between transudate and exudate?
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During the inflammatory response, which cell type primarily mediates the process?
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What role does histamine play in inflammation?
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What is cellulitis primarily caused by?
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What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following describes abscess formation?
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What is the function of chemokines in inflammation?
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What initiates the margination process in the inflammatory response?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a protective mechanism that occurs in response to a harmful stimuli
- It serves to neutralize the stimuli and initiate healing
- Two main types: acute and chronic
Acute Inflammation
- Early response to injury
- Lasts less than 48 hours
- Non-specific
- Mediated by neutrophils
- Causes include microbial, physical, chemical and immunologic factors
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness: due to hyperemia
- Heat: also due to hyperemia
- Pain: mediated by nerves and chemical mediators
- Swelling: due to exudation
- Loss of Function: caused by pain
Mechanisms of Inflammation
-
Vascular Role:
- Vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries
- Fluid rich in albumin is leaked into the extravascular tissue, leading to exudation
- Results in increased viscosity of the blood
-
Cellular Role:
- Neutrophils are the main cell type in acute inflammation
- Neutrophils undergo three steps:
- Margination: Rolling and adhesion to the endothelium.
- Migration: Movement toward the source of injury using chemotaxis.
- Phagocytosis: Engulfment of infectious and dead cells.
-
Chemical Mediators:
- Histamine (from mast cells) causes vasodilation
- Prostaglandins cause pain and fever
- Bradykinin causes pain
- Chemokines attract specific white blood cells to the site of inflammation.
Types of Acute Inflammation
- Bronchopneumonia: Inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli of the lung.
- Cellulitis: Acute, diffuse inflammation of the skin caused by Streptococci.
- Streptococci secrete hyaluronidase and streptokinase, enzymes that facilitate the spread of infection.
- Common sites include areolar tissue and subcutaneous tissue.
- Abscess Formation: A localized collection of pus in an acute or chronic infection.
- Pus is a purulent exudate rich in neutrophils and dead cells.
Chronic Inflammation
- Prolonged duration (weeks, months, years)
- Coexistence of active inflammation, tissue injury, and repair
- Mediated by mononuclear cells: (Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells)
Causes of Chronic Inflammation
- Persistent acute inflammation or infection: Example: pneumonia progressing to lung abscess
- Initial chronic inflammation:
- Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis)
- Syphilis
- Leprosy
- Viral (Hepatitis C)
- Autoimmune mediated inflammatory diseases:
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Systemic Lupus
- Prolonged exposure to toxic material:
- Endogenous: elevated plasma lipids causing atherosclerosis
- Exogenous: Asbestos, Silica
Types of Chronic Inflammation
-
Granulomatous Chronic Inflammation:
- Response to a difficult-to-eradicate agent
- Characterized by a granuloma: a cellular attempt to contain the agent
- Granuloma consists of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages (epitheloid cells) surrounded by lymphocytes.
- Epitheloid cells can fuse to form giant cells.
-
Non-granulomatous (non-specific) chronic inflammation:
- Less well defined pattern of chronic inflammation
Epitheloid Cells
- Activated macrophages with hazy outline
- Pale pink granular cytoplasm
- Oval or elongated nucleus
- Weakly phagocytic
- May fuse to form giant cells
Giant Cells
- Fusion of epitheloid cells
- Found in the periphery or center of granulomas
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Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and types of inflammation with this quiz. Explore concepts related to acute inflammation, its cardinal signs, and the roles of various cells involved in the inflammatory response. Understand how inflammation contributes to healing and protection against harmful stimuli.
