Inflammation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of acute inflammation?

It is a delayed response of tissue.

It involves increased blood viscosity.

It occurs immediately after injury. (correct)

It is specific to the type of injury.

Which of the following is NOT an etiology of inflammation?

Genetic mutations (correct)

Microbial infections

Chemical substances

Physical agents

Which cell type is predominantly involved in acute inflammation?

Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

Neutrophils (correct)

Monocytes

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Redness, heat, pain, swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is the first change observed in the microcirculation during inflammation?

Active vasoconstriction Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hyperaemia' refer to in the context of inflammation?

Increased blood flow Signup and view all the answers

What duration defines acute inflammation?

Less than 48 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is predominantly involved in chronic inflammation?

Mononuclear cells Signup and view all the answers

What is one cause of chronic inflammation?

Unresolved acute inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is categorized as an autoimmune mediated inflammatory disease?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic describes granulomatous inflammation?

Occurs in a limited number of conditions Signup and view all the answers

What primarily composes a granuloma?

Macrophages transformed into epitheloid cells surrounded by lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is known for causing prolonged exposure leading to chronic inflammation?

Asbestos Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chronic inflammation is characterized by the formation of giant cells?

Granulomatous inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of chronic inflammation?

Temporary acute injury Signup and view all the answers

What role do epitheloid cells play in chronic inflammation?

They fuse to form giant cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between transudate and exudate?

Transudate is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma with low protein content. Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory response, which cell type primarily mediates the process?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What role does histamine play in inflammation?

Causes vasodilatation. Signup and view all the answers

What is cellulitis primarily caused by?

Streptococci bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?

It coexists with active inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes abscess formation?

A collection of pus associated with tissue destruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chemokines in inflammation?

Attract specific types of leukocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the margination process in the inflammatory response?

Leukocytes rolling and adhering to endothelium. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective mechanism that occurs in response to a harmful stimuli
It serves to neutralize the stimuli and initiate healing
Two main types: acute and chronic

Acute Inflammation

Early response to injury
Lasts less than 48 hours
Non-specific
Mediated by neutrophils
Causes include microbial, physical, chemical and immunologic factors

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Redness: due to hyperemia
Heat: also due to hyperemia
Pain: mediated by nerves and chemical mediators
Swelling: due to exudation
Loss of Function: caused by pain

Mechanisms of Inflammation

Vascular Role:
- Vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation of arterioles and capillaries
- Fluid rich in albumin is leaked into the extravascular tissue, leading to exudation
- Results in increased viscosity of the blood
Cellular Role:
- Neutrophils are the main cell type in acute inflammation
- Neutrophils undergo three steps:
  - Margination: Rolling and adhesion to the endothelium.
  - Migration: Movement toward the source of injury using chemotaxis.
  - Phagocytosis: Engulfment of infectious and dead cells.
Chemical Mediators:
- Histamine (from mast cells) causes vasodilation
- Prostaglandins cause pain and fever
- Bradykinin causes pain
- Chemokines attract specific white blood cells to the site of inflammation.

Types of Acute Inflammation

Bronchopneumonia: Inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli of the lung.
Cellulitis: Acute, diffuse inflammation of the skin caused by Streptococci.
- Streptococci secrete hyaluronidase and streptokinase, enzymes that facilitate the spread of infection.
- Common sites include areolar tissue and subcutaneous tissue.
Abscess Formation: A localized collection of pus in an acute or chronic infection.
- Pus is a purulent exudate rich in neutrophils and dead cells.

Chronic Inflammation

Prolonged duration (weeks, months, years)
Coexistence of active inflammation, tissue injury, and repair
Mediated by mononuclear cells: (Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells)

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Persistent acute inflammation or infection: Example: pneumonia progressing to lung abscess
Initial chronic inflammation:
- Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis)
- Syphilis
- Leprosy
- Viral (Hepatitis C)
Autoimmune mediated inflammatory diseases:
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Systemic Lupus
Prolonged exposure to toxic material:
- Endogenous: elevated plasma lipids causing atherosclerosis
- Exogenous: Asbestos, Silica

Types of Chronic Inflammation

Granulomatous Chronic Inflammation:
- Response to a difficult-to-eradicate agent
- Characterized by a granuloma: a cellular attempt to contain the agent
- Granuloma consists of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages (epitheloid cells) surrounded by lymphocytes.
- Epitheloid cells can fuse to form giant cells.
Non-granulomatous (non-specific) chronic inflammation:
- Less well defined pattern of chronic inflammation

Epitheloid Cells

Activated macrophages with hazy outline
Pale pink granular cytoplasm
Oval or elongated nucleus
Weakly phagocytic
May fuse to form giant cells

Giant Cells

Fusion of epitheloid cells
Found in the periphery or center of granulomas

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Description

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms and types of inflammation with this quiz. Explore concepts related to acute inflammation, its cardinal signs, and the roles of various cells involved in the inflammatory response. Understand how inflammation contributes to healing and protection against harmful stimuli.