25 Questions
What is inflammation?
Inflammation is a dynamic response of vascularized tissue to injury.
Which of the following are considered characteristics of inflammation? (Select all that apply)
Pain
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness, warmth, pain, swelling, and loss of function.
Inflammation is a response to injury, while infection is the invasion of living tissue by pathogens.
True
In chronic inflammation, the inflammation involves ______ cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes.
mononuclear
Match the following outcomes with acute inflammation: Abscess formation, Progression to chronic inflammation, Resolution, Repair
Abscess formation = 8 Progression to chronic inflammation = 9 Resolution = 10 Repair = 11
What is edema?
Edema is an increased fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue spaces or body cavities.
What influences edema formation? (Select all that apply)
Oncotic pressure
Differentiate between exudate and transudate.
Exudate is inflammatory fluid with high protein content, while transudate is non-inflammatory fluid with low protein content.
Describe the difference between hyperemia and congestion.
Hyperemia is an active process with increased blood flow, while congestion is a passive process due to impaired blood outflow.
What is hemorrhage?
Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood outside the blood vessel.
Explain the process of regeneration in healing.
Regeneration is the renewal of lost tissue with identical cells through cell proliferation and migration.
What are the two main processes involved in healing?
Regeneration and repair (healing by scarring)
What are the types of cells involved in healing and their characteristics?
Labile cells (continuously turn over), stable cells (lower replication), permanent cells (non-dividing)
Compare and contrast healing by first intention and second intention.
First Intention: Clean surgical incision, minimal tissue loss, faster healing, less granulation tissue. Second Intention: Large tissue defects, more granulation tissue, involves wound contraction, slower healing
What factors influence wound healing?
Type, size, location of the wound, vascular supply, infection, circulatory status, metabolic status, nutritional deficiencies, use of anti-inflammatory drugs
Discuss the complications of wound healing.
Infection, deficient scar formation, wound dehiscence, incisional hernias, and ulceration
What is acute inflammation?
Acute inflammation is the body's initial response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
Describe the processes involved in acute inflammation.
Vascular response includes vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, slowing of blood flow, and increased vascular permeability. Cellular response involves leukocyte migration, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.
List the sources of chemical mediators in inflammation and their functions.
Complement activation, Factor XII activation, histamine, prostaglandins. Functions include regulating vascular leakage, vasodilation, pain, fever, and bacterial destruction.
Differentiate between exudate and transudate.
Exudate is an inflammatory fluid with high protein content and cells, caused by acute inflammation. Transudate is a non-inflammatory fluid often due to systemic conditions like heart or kidney failure.
Describe the types of acute inflammation.
Serous inflammation (thin fluid), fibrinous inflammation (fibrin exudation), suppurative inflammation (pus formation), catarrhal inflammation (mucous membrane inflammation), pseudomembranous inflammation (false membrane formation)
List the beneficial and harmful effects of acute inflammation.
Benefits include toxin dilution, pathogen neutralization, fibrin formation, plasma mediator provision, enhanced cell nutrition. Harmful effects involve tissue damage, swelling, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Explain chronic inflammation and its causes.
Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation involving active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair. Causes include persistent infections, exposure to non-degradable substances, autoimmune diseases, and progression from acute inflammation.
What systemic effects can inflammation have?
Fever, endocrine and metabolic changes, autonomic responses, behavioral changes, leukocytosis or leukopenia, weight loss
Study Notes
Inflammation Overview
- Definition: Inflammation is a dynamic response of vascularized tissue to injury, serving as a protective mechanism to bring defense and healing processes to the site of injury.
- Characteristics:
- Clinically: Heat, swelling, redness, pain, and loss of function
- Pathologically: Vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation, stasis, hyperemia, leukocyte accumulation, fluid exudation, and fibrin deposition
How Inflammation Occurs
- Mediated by chemical factors derived from blood plasma or cells, triggered by an inflammatory stimulus
- Tissue injury or death releases mediators
Etiologies of Inflammation
-
- Microbial infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, etc.)
-
- Physical agents (burns, trauma, radiation)
-
- Chemicals (drugs, toxins, caustic substances)
-
- Immunologic reactions (rheumatoid arthritis)
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
- Redness: Hyperemia
- Warmth: Hyperemia
- Pain: Nerve chemical mediators
- Swelling: Exudation
- Loss of Function: Pain
Time Course of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation: Less than 48 hours, mainly involving neutrophils
- Chronic Inflammation: More than 48 hours (weeks, months, years), involving mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
Types of Inflammation
- Acute Inflammation:
- Sudden onset
- Characteristic signs: Redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and loss of function
- Chronic Inflammation:
- Long duration (weeks, months, years, or lifetime)
- Examples: Asthma, allergy, diabetes, etc.
Inflammation vs. Infection
- Inflammation: Response to injury
- Infection: Invasion of living tissue by pathogens, causing inflammation
Pathogenesis
- Increased Blood Flow: Redness and warmth
- Increased Vascular Permeability: Swelling, pain, and loss of function
- Leukocytic Infiltration: Accumulation of leukocytes at the injury site
Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation
- Vascular Dilation: Increased blood flow (erythema and warmth)
- Extravasation and Deposition: Plasma fluid and proteins (edema)
- Leukocyte Emigration: Accumulation at the injury site
Lymphatics in Inflammation
- Function: Draining edema
- Edema: Excess fluid in interstitial tissue or serous cavities (transudate or exudate)
- Types of Edema:
- Transudate: Ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, normal endothelium permeability, low protein content
- Exudate: Filtrate of blood plasma with inflammatory cells, altered endothelium permeability, high protein content
Hemodynamics Overview
- Introduction:
- The health and well-being of cells and tissues depend on intact circulation to deliver nutrients and maintain normal fluid homeostasis.
Water Distribution
- Intracellular: Within cells
- Extracellular: Includes interstitial (between cells) and intravascular (blood and lymph)
Edema
- Definition: Increased fluid accumulation in interstitial tissue spaces or body cavities
- Types:
- Hydrothorax: Fluid in the pleural cavity
- Hydropericardium: Fluid in the pericardial cavity
- Hydroperitoneum (Ascites): Fluid in the peritoneal cavity
- Anasarca: Severe, generalized edema with profound subcutaneous swelling
Mechanism of Edema
- Influenced by:
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Oncotic pressure
- Vascular permeability
- Lymphatic channels
- Sodium and water retention
Learn about the definition, characteristics, and processes of inflammation, a dynamic response to tissue injury. Understand the clinical and pathological signs of inflammation.
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