Inflammation, Healing & Repair 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of acute inflammation?

  • To promote tissue damage and increase pain
  • To reduce blood flow to the affected area
  • To destroy the surrounding healthy tissue
  • To contain and isolate the injurious stimulus (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of acute inflammation?

  • Redness
  • Loss of appetite (correct)
  • Swelling
  • Heat
  • What is the result of increased permeability of microvasculature during acute inflammation?

  • Pus
  • Exudate (correct)
  • Abscess
  • Empyema
  • Which system is activated by tissue damage and produces fibrin as an end product?

    <p>Coagulation system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in the coagulation system?

    <p>Increases leukocyte adhesion and fibroblast proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is released in response to physical injury and causes vasodilation?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of chronic inflammation that differentiates it from acute inflammation?

    <p>Excessive macrophage accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the aggregation of macrophages that form in response to chronic inflammation?

    <p>Granuloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is commonly used to diagnose chronic inflammation?

    <p>Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the localised collection of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue?

    <p>Abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Inflammation

    • Definition: A complex reaction of vascularised connective tissue to local injury for a short duration of time
    • Causes: Local injury
    • Aims:
      • Contain and isolate the injurious stimulus
      • Destroy, dilute, or wall off the agents and neutralise the toxin
      • Heal and repair the damage caused

    Clinical Signs of Acute Inflammation

    • Heat: Hyperaemia
    • Redness: Hyperaemia
    • Swelling: Exudate
    • Pain: Neural damage, chemical mediators
    • Loss of function: Pain

    Vascular Events

    • Calibre change: Rapid transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
    • Blood flow change: Initial reduction of blood flow followed by increased blood flow to capillaries
    • Permeability change: Increase permeability of microvasculature -> exudate

    Cellular Events

    • Transmigration towards site of infection
    • Degranulation – destroy invading microorganisms
    • Phagocytosis

    Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation

    • Fever
    • Malaise, lethargy, and sleepiness
    • Pain
    • Leucocytosis
    • Tissue damage
    • Swelling
    • Hyperpyrexia, shock, and death due to too many cytokines

    Exudate, Pus, Abscess, and Empyema

    • Exudate: Protein-rich fluid that leaks out of blood vessels due to inflammation/infection
    • Pus: Inflammatory exudate rich in white blood cells and/or microorganisms
    • Abscess: Localised collection of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue
    • Empyema: Not mentioned in the text

    Coagulation, Kinin, and Complement Cascade Systems

    • Coagulation System:
      • Activated by tissue damage
      • Fibrin is the end product
      • Thrombin increases leukocyte adhesion and fibroblast proliferation
      • Factor Xa increases vascular permeability and leukocyte exudation
      • Fibrin degradation acts as a chemotactic factor for leucocytes and increases endothelial permeability
    • Kinin System:
      • Activated through Factor XII
      • Product: Bradykinin – causes vasodilation, triggers pain
    • Complement Cascade System:
      • Triggers expression of adhesion molecules on leucocytes

    Chemical Mediators of Inflammation

    • Vasoactive Mediators:
      • Histamine: Released from mast cells, basophils, and platelets
      • Histamine causes dilation of arterioles, increasing vascular permeability of venules
      • Serotonin: Released from platelets and enterochromaffin cells
      • Serotonin actions similar to histamine

    Acute Appendicitis

    • Illustrates the processes of acute inflammation

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Pathogenesis:
      • Progression from acute inflammation not totally resolved
      • Involves macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
    • Mechanism:
      • Excessive macrophage accumulation due to:
        • Continuous recruitment from circulation
        • Local proliferation
        • Immobilisation of peripheral macrophages
    • Morphology:
      • Granuloma: Aggregation of macrophages that form in response to chronic inflammation
      • Macrophages secrete IL-1, interferon alpha, and TNF
      • Macrophage elongation leads to formation of epithelioid histiocytes
      • Epithelioid histiocytes and macrophage accumulation leads to giant cell formation
      • Necrotising granuloma: Central area of necrosis, occurs in TB
      • Non-necrotising granuloma: No necrosis, occurs in Sarcoidosis
    • Granulation Tissue: New connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form during healing

    Differences between Acute and Chronic Inflammation

    • To be identified...

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    Define acute inflammation, its causes, and how it aims to reduce damage and promote healing and repair. Identify the five clinical signs of acute inflammation.

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