Inflammation Causes and Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of inflammation in response to injury?

  • To create new tissues without addressing the cause
  • To eliminate or limit the spread of the injurious agent (correct)
  • To fully heal the tissue immediately
  • To induce pain and prevent movement

Which of the following is NOT a cause of inflammation?

  • Bacterial infections
  • Immunodeficiency states
  • Genetic enhancement (correct)
  • Mechanical injuries

What distinguishes inflammation from infection?

  • Inflammation is a protective response to various agents (correct)
  • Infection causes localized swelling only
  • Infection is an immune response to injury
  • Inflammation is characterized by microbial invasion

Which suffix is commonly used in the nomenclature of inflammatory lesions?

<p>itis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biological agent causing inflammation?

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is chronic inflammation most generally characterized?

<p>Prolonged and persistent inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a protective physiologic response?

<p>Inflammation only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially harm the body as a result of inflammation?

<p>Injury to tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe inflammation of the appendix?

<p>Appendicitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of acute inflammation?

<p>Remove pathogens and repair tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the duration of acute inflammation?

<p>Short-term, lasting several minutes to days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which suffix is commonly used to denote inflammation in a specific tissue?

<p>-itis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors could specifically provoke acute inflammation?

<p>Endogenous causes, such as immune responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leukocyte predominantly emigrates to the site of acute inflammation?

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a non-specific factor that can lead to acute inflammation?

<p>Tumor cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exudation' refer to in the context of acute inflammation?

<p>The accumulation of fluid and plasma proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

<p>Loss of consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the redness (rubor) observed in acute inflammation?

<p>Dilation of small blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

<p>Increased swelling due to fluid accumulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediators are known to induce pain during acute inflammation?

<p>Bradykinins, prostaglandins, and serotonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fibrin formation benefit the process of inflammation?

<p>Prevents bacterial spread and enhances phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do protective antibodies play in acute inflammation?

<p>They promote microbial destruction by phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the beneficial effects of acute inflammation regarding cell nutrition?

<p>Provision of glucose and oxygen to cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why acute inflammation might lead to loss of function?

<p>Inflammatory pain and severe swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant harmful effect of acute inflammation?

<p>Tissue necrosis that may incite further inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to chronic inflammation?

<p>Prolonged exposure to nondegradable substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?

<p>Simultaneous tissue destruction and repair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of chronic inflammation?

<p>Persistent infection from low-toxicity microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT associated with acute inflammation?

<p>Chronic atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does autoimmune disease contribute to chronic inflammation?

<p>Through inappropriate immune responses leading to tissue damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to cause chronic inflammation?

<p>Transient infections of short duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do phagocytes play in the immune response during inflammation?

<p>They stimulate immune response by presenting antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inflammation definition

Inflammation is the body's protective response to tissue injury, caused by various agents, aiming to eliminate the cause and limit harm.

Causes of inflammation

Inflammation can be triggered by physical agents (injury, temp changes), chemical agents (toxins, drugs), biological agents (infections), immunological issues (allergies, autoimmunity), or genetic/metabolic problems (gout, diabetes).

Inflammation vs. Infection

Inflammation is the body's protective response to any harmful stimulus, while infection is the invasion by harmful microorganisms. Inflammation is a broader response than infection.

Inflammation nomenclature

Suffix 'itis' is frequently used to name inflammatory conditions, like appendicitis or arthritis.

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Inflammatory process

A series of responses involving the body's vasculature and immune system to isolate and remove the cause of tissue damage and repair the ensuing damage, including early response and healing phase.

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Granulomatous Inflammation

A type of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas, clusters of immune cells that attempt to wall off and contain the inflammatory process.

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Acute Inflammation

A rapid and short-lived inflammatory response to an injury, characterized by swelling, redness, heat, pain, and potential loss of function.

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Chronic Inflammation

A sustained inflammatory response that lasts longer than acute inflammation, often due to insufficient removal or persistent stimulation.

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Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix.

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Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).

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Acute Inflammation

Immediate, early response to injury in vascularized tissues, short-lived (minutes to few days).

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Chronic Inflammation

Long-lasting inflammation, lasting for several weeks or months.

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Inflammation

The body's response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

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Exudation

Leakage of fluids and proteins from blood vessels into tissues.

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Neutrophils

White blood cells that are a prominent component of acute inflammation.

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Etiology

The cause of a disease or condition.

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Acute inflammation roles

Removing the cause, limiting tissue damage, clearing debris, preparing for healing, and interacting with immune system components.

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Causes of acute inflammation

Non-specific factors (microorganisms, foreign bodies, tissue damage, chemical/physical agents, endogenous causes) and specific factors (hypersensitivity, autoimmune).

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Inflammation Nomenclature

Describing inflammation in a tissue involves adding '-itis' to the tissue name.

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Cardinal signs of inflammation

The four main signs of inflammation, observed by Celsus, are redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), and pain (dolor).

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5th sign of inflammation

Virchow added a fifth sign, loss of function (functio laesa), recognizing that inflammation often impairs the affected area's ability to work.

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Redness (inflammation)

Redness (rubor) is caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the damaged area.

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Heat (inflammation)

Heat (calor) results from increased blood flow to the area, causing it to feel warmer.

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Swelling (inflammation)

Swelling (tumor) is caused by fluid accumulating outside the blood vessels.

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Pain (inflammation)

Pain (dolor) is a common symptom of inflammation due to tissue damage and pressure from swelling.

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Loss of function (inflammation)

The affected area experiences diminished or complete loss of its normal function due to pain and swelling.

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Beneficial effects of acute inflammation

Although inflammation is painful, it aids the body by diluting toxins, providing antibodies and fibrin to prevent spread, and supplying nutrients to the affected area, while removing waste products.

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Acute Inflammation

A rapid, short-term inflammatory response to injury.

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Chronic Inflammation

A long-term inflammatory process, lasting weeks or months.

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Harmful Effects of Inflammation

Tissue damage and swelling that can hinder function.

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Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Persistent infections, exposure to toxins, or development from acute inflammation.

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Immunity Promotion

Inflammatory response stimulation of antibody and cellular defense mechanisms.

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Persistent Infections

Infections with microorganisms that are hard to eliminate.

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Inappropriate Response

An exaggerated inflammatory response, such as in hypersensitivity reactions.

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Immune Response

The body's defense mechanisms against infectious agents.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Students will learn the causes of inflammation
  • Students will understand the inflammatory process
  • Students will comprehend the etiopathogenesis of granulomatous inflammations
  • Students will contrast the differences between acute and chronic inflammation

Introduction

  • Inflammation is the local response of living mammalian tissue to injury from any agent.
  • It is a body defense reaction to eliminate or limit the spread of an injurious agent.
  • Inflammation is a localized response or reaction of living vascularized tissues to endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
  • The term originates from the Latin "inflammare," meaning "to set on fire."
  • Inflammation is a physiological response to injury, not a disease.

Causes of Inflammation

  • Physical agents: mechanical injuries, temperature changes, pressure, radiation injuries
  • Chemical agents: drugs, toxins,
  • Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
  • Immunological disorders: hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity, immunodeficiency
  • Genetic/metabolic disorders: gout, diabetes mellitus

Inflammation vs. Infection

  • Inflammation is a protective response to a variety of agents.
  • Infection is the invasion of harmful microbes and their toxins.

Acute Inflammation

  • Acute inflammation is an immediate and early response to injury.
  • It has a relatively short duration (minutes to days).
  • Characterized by exudation of fluids and plasma proteins, and emigration of neutrophils to the site of injury.
  • The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function(functio laesa).
  • Acute inflammation is aimed at removing the cause, repairing/limiting damage, clearing debris, and interacting with the immune system.
  • Etiology of acute inflammation includes non-specific (microorganisms, foreign bodies, tissue destruction, chemical/physical/endogenous damage) factors and specific factors (hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases).

Effects of Acute Inflammation

  • Beneficial effects: dilution of toxins, protective antibodies (promotion of phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis), fibrin formation, plasma mediators (complement, coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin).
  • Harmful effects: tissue necrosis, swelling in certain areas (potentially causing airway obstruction or increased intracranial pressure), inappropriate response (exaggerated hypersensitivity-related reactions).

Chronic Inflammation

  • Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory process (weeks or months).
  • It involves simultaneous active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair attempts.
  • Causes of chronic inflammation include persistent infections, prolonged exposure to non-degradable but partially toxic substances (e.g., silica, asbestos), progression from acute inflammation, and autoimmunity.

Nomenclature

  • Inflammatory lesions are usually named by the suffix "-itis" (e.g., appendicitis, meningitis).
  • Exceptions to the rule exist (e.g., pneumonia, typhoid fever).

Classification

  • Inflammation is classified based on duration and histologic appearances into acute and chronic forms.

Cellulitis

  • An example of acute inflammation characterized by redness and swelling of the tissue.

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Description

This quiz explores the causes of inflammation, the inflammatory process, and the differences between acute and chronic inflammation. Students will gain insight into the etiopathogenesis of granulomatous inflammations and the physiological response of tissues to injury. Test your knowledge on how various agents trigger inflammation and its role in tissue defense.

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