Inflammation and Repair Processes

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes cellular anaplasia in a malignant tumor?

Cellular anaplasia indicates the tumor is benign.

Cellular anaplasia is marked, indicating poor differentiation. (correct)

Cellular anaplasia results in increased cell cohesion.

Cellular anaplasia is absent in all tumor types.

How do blood vessels typically compare in malignant tumors versus benign tumors?

Malignant tumors have more and thin-walled blood vessels. (correct)

Malignant tumors have fewer and better-formed blood vessels.

Benign tumors show significant blood vessel formation.

Benign tumors have numerous and thin-walled blood vessels.

What is the typical mode of spread for malignant tumors?

Spread primarily through the bloodstream, followed by lymphatics.

Spread is always localized with no systemic involvement.

Spread occurs only through direct invasion of adjacent tissues.

Spread primarily through lymphatics, then by blood. (correct)

What reflects the differentiation of tumor cells?

The arrangement of tumor cells and their ability to secrete substances. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of hemorrhage and necrosis, how do malignant tumors generally compare to benign tumors?

Malignant tumors exhibit less hemorrhage and necrosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

How can humans become infected with Mycobacterium bovis?

Consumption of unpasteurized milk Signup and view all the answers

Which test is commonly used to diagnose tuberculosis?

Mantoux test Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes proliferative lesions in tuberculosis?

Presence of extensive caseation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?

Presence of nodular aggregates of inflammatory cells Signup and view all the answers

Which morphological type of granulomatous reaction is associated with sarcoidosis?

Non-caseating tuberculoid reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the disease course and progression of tuberculosis?

Host's immunity status Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of exudative lesions in tuberculosis?

Rich in fibrin and inflammatory exudates Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection can cause caseating granulomas?

Bacterial infections like tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What are tubercles characterized by in terms of physical appearance?

Firm nodular structures with caseation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of granulomatous inflammation?

Allergic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of localization during the healing process of a tuberculous lesion?

Healing through fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory cell type is primarily modified to form epithelioid cells in granulomas?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What type of granulomatous reaction is primarily found in lepromatous leprosy?

Diffuse granulomatous reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Involves damage to the alveolar walls Signup and view all the answers

In the context of granulomas, which option correctly categorizes the cause of Crohn's disease?

Unsettled etiology granulomas Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acute inflammation?

Rapid onset and short duration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical agent that can cause inflammation?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which is a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Rubor (redness) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of acute inflammation when resolution occurs?

Tissue returns to its normal state without further healing Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the elevation in body temperature during acute inflammation?

Interleukin 1 from macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by non-suppurative processes?

Acute Non-Suppurative Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in leukocytosis during systemic events of acute inflammation?

Increase in mature cells released from bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by both specific and non-specific responses?

Chronic Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily associated with the ova of Schistosoma species?

Type IV hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily involved in the inflammatory response against dead worms in bilharzial infections?

Neutrophils and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the lesions formed by the interaction of schistosomal ova with the immune system?

Fibrous granuloma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of the reaction against cercariae in schistosomiasis?

Acute allergic dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

How do adult Schistosoma worms interact with the surrounding tissue?

Produce bilharzial pigment Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the bilharzial pigment produced by Schistosoma species?

Incompletely digested hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cellular granulomas formed during bilharzial granuloma development?

Surrounding eosinophils and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for bilharzial infestation of the urinary tract?

Schistosoma haematobium Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation

The body's response to irritation in vascularized tissue
Irritants can be physical, mechanical, chemical, infectious, immunologic, or necrotic
Acute inflammation is rapid onset, short duration
- Suppurative inflammation: Localized (e.g. abscess) or Diffuse (e.g. cellulitis)
- Non Suppurative inflammation: Serous, Fibrinous, Catarrhal, Pseudomembranous, Haemorrhagic, Allergic, Necrotizing
Chronic inflammation is slow onset, long duration
- Non specific or Specific
Subacute inflammation is between acute and chronic
Cardinal signs: Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Calor (hotness), Dolor (pain), Loss of function
Systemic events: Elevated body temperature, leukocytosis, and other hematopoietic changes
Acute inflammation fates: Resolution, regression and healing, progression and spread

Repair

Process of restoring tissue structure and function after injury.
Two main forms: regeneration and repair by connective tissue (scarring).
Regeneration: replacement of damaged tissue by cells of the same type.
Repair by connective tissue: replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous connective tissue (scar).
Regeneration occurs in tissues with high capacity for cell division (e.g., liver, epithelium).
Repair by connective tissue occurs in tissues with limited capacity for cell division (e.g., heart muscle).
Repair involves four phases:
- Inflammation: initial response to injury.
- Angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) to supply the repair process.
- Fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition (scar formation).
- Tissue remodeling and maturation (remodeling the scar tissue).

Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptation

Cell injury: a reversible or irreversible process that results in functional and structural changes in the cell.
Reversible cell injury: cell can recover if the injury is not severe or prolonged.
Irreversible cell injury: cell cannot recover and dies.
Causes of cell injury:
- Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia).
- Physical agents (trauma, heat, cold).
- Chemical agents (drugs, poisons).
- Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
- Immunologic reactions.
- Nutritional deficiencies.
- Genetic defects.
Mechanisms of cell injury:
- ATP depletion.
- Free radical formation.
- Calcium influx.
- Mitochondrial damage.
- Membrane damage.
Cellular adaptations: changes in cells that allow them to survive in harsh conditions.
- Atrophy: decrease in the size of cells.
- Hypertrophy: increase in the size of cells.
- Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells.
- Metaplasia: change in the type of cell.
- Dysplasia: abnormal development of cells.

Neoplasia and Carcinogenesis

Neoplasm: uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells.
Tumor: a mass of neoplastic cells.
Benign tumor: non-cancerous, does not spread to other tissues.
Malignant tumor: cancerous, can spread to other tissues (metastasis).
Carcinogenesis: the process of cancer development.
Stages of carcinogenesis:
- Initiation: mutation in a gene that controls cell growth.
- Promotion: factors that stimulate cell growth.
- Progression: development of malignant characteristics
Characteristics of malignant tumors:
- Rapid growth.
- Infiltrative growth.
- Metastasis.
- Anaplasia (loss of differentiation).
- Abnormal mitotic figures.
Classification of tumors:
- Based on tissue of origin (histological classification).
- Based on behavior (benign or malignant).
Treatment of cancer:
- Surgery.
- Radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapy.
- Immunotherapy

Circulatory Disorder

A broad term describing any condition that affects the normal flow of blood throughout the body.
Can range from minor disturbances like varicose veins to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks or strokes.
Common Types:
- Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to a tissue, causing oxygen deprivation and potentially cell death.
- Infarction: Complete obstruction of blood flow to a tissue, resulting in tissue death (necrosis).
- Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel.
- Embolism: Obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign object, such as a blood clot, fat embolus, or air bubble.
- Hemorrhage: Bleeding, either internal or external.
- Anemia: Decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure, can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
- Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening of the vessels.
- Heart failure: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.
- Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, can lead to heart palpitations, dizziness, or even sudden cardiac arrest.
Causes:
- Underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, or obesity.
- Lifestyle factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and high-fat diet.
- Genetic predisposition.
Treatment:
- Varies depending on the specific disorder but may include medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, or other therapies.

Bacterial Infection

Invasion and multiplication of bacteria within the body.
Can range from mild infections like skin infections to life-threatening systemic infections like sepsis.
Causes:
- Bacteria enter the body through various portals, including the mouth, nose, skin, and through contact with contaminated objects.
Factors influencing infection:
- Virulence of the bacteria (ability to cause disease).
- Host's immune system (ability to fight infection).
- Age, general health, and other factors.
Common types of bacterial infections:
- Skin infections: Boils, cellulitis, impetigo.
- Respiratory infections: Pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis.
- Gastrointestinal infections: Food poisoning, dysentery, typhoid fever.
- Urinary tract infections: Cystitis, pyelonephritis.
Treatment:
- Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections.
- Other treatments may include drainage of pus, surgery, or supportive care.

Granuloma

A nodular inflammatory lesion containing macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, and sometimes neutrophils.
Essential components: Modified macrophages (epithelioid cells) surrounded by lymphocytes.
May be a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Types:
- Diffuse: seen in lepromatous leprosy.
- Tuberculoid: Non-caseating (sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease, tuberculoid leprosy), Caseating (tuberculosis), Suppurative (cat-scratch disease).
Etiologic causes:
- Infectious (bacteria: Mycobacteria, syphilis, brucellosis, fungi, parasites like Schistosoma)
- Foreign bodies (endogenous: keratin, uric acid crystals, exogenous: silica, asbestos dust)
- Unsettled etiology (sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease)

Bilharziasis

A chronic parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma worms.
Two main species: Schistosoma haematobium (bladder and urinary tract) and Schistosoma mansoni (intestines).
Infections occur through contact with water contaminated by infected snails.
Lesions are mediated by type I and IV hypersensitivity reactions.
Reactions against different stages:
- Cercariae: Acute allergic dermatitis at penetration sites.
- Adult worm: Little reaction, but produces pigment and ova.
- Ova: Principal reaction, leading to granulomas (bilharziomas) formed around trapped ova.
Bilharziasis of the Urinary Tract: Mainly caused by S. haematobium.
- Lesions in the urinary tract can lead to bladder cancer, fibrosis, and other complications.
Bilharziasis of the Intestines: Mainly caused by S. mansoni.
- Lesions in the intestines can lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and other complications.
Treatment:
- Antiparasitic medications.

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Description

This quiz covers the concepts of inflammation, its types, and the body’s responses to irritation. It also discusses the processes of tissue repair, including regeneration and scarring. Understand the key differences between acute, chronic, and subacute inflammation, as well as cardinal signs and systemic events.