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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of fentanyl patches?
What is the purpose of fentanyl patches?
What classification does buprenorphine with naloxone fall under?
What classification does buprenorphine with naloxone fall under?
Which of the following statements about extended-release morphine is correct?
Which of the following statements about extended-release morphine is correct?
Which of the following drugs is commonly combined with acetaminophen?
Which of the following drugs is commonly combined with acetaminophen?
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What is the approximate equivalence of fentanyl to morphine in terms of IV administration?
What is the approximate equivalence of fentanyl to morphine in terms of IV administration?
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What is the potential for physical and psychological dependence on drugs classified under Schedule III?
What is the potential for physical and psychological dependence on drugs classified under Schedule III?
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What type of pain is oxycodone hydrochloride primarily intended to treat?
What type of pain is oxycodone hydrochloride primarily intended to treat?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for fentanyl?
Which of the following is NOT a method of administration for fentanyl?
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Which drugs are classified as partial agonists with opioid antagonists?
Which drugs are classified as partial agonists with opioid antagonists?
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What differentiates methamphetamine from the other drugs listed?
What differentiates methamphetamine from the other drugs listed?
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Study Notes
Inflammation & Arachidonic Acid Pathway
- Protective localized response triggered by tissue injury to destroy or sequester harmful agents.
- Symptoms include pain, fever, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
- Inflammatory mediators: proteins of the complement system, histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
- Class of drugs with pain-relieving (analgesic), anti-inflammatory, and fever-reducing (antipyretic) properties.
- Indicated for fever, pain, inflammation, and thromboembolic disorders.
- Common uses: mild to moderate headaches, muscle pain (myalgia), nerve pain (neuralgia), joint pain (arthralgia), and postoperative pain relief.
Salicylates
- Example: Aspirin (salicylic acid) inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in myocardial infarction management.
- Low doses (325mg or 81mg) prescribed for cardioprotection.
Acetic Acid Derivatives
- Example: Indomethacin (Indocin) provides analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects primarily for arthritis.
- Potential harsh effects on the stomach; available in multiple forms (PO, IV, rectal).
Propionic Acid Derivatives
- Example: Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) is the most commonly used NSAID, used for various pain syndromes.
- Typical dosage: 200mg every 4-6 hours, not exceeding 1200mg daily.
Mechanism of Action
- Inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways.
- Blocks cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 & COX-2) to reduce inflammatory responses.
Adverse Effects
- Common gastrointestinal effects: dyspepsia, heartburn, GI bleeding, and mucosal lesions.
- Renal effects: can compromise renal function, particularly in vulnerable populations.
- Cardiovascular risks: potential to cause pulmonary edema and increased thrombotic events.
Contraindications
- Not recommended for individuals with documented aspirin allergy or bleeding risks.
- Caution in patients with conditions like Vitamin K deficiency or peptic ulcers.
Interactions
- Serious interactions can occur with anticoagulants, corticosteroids, and blood pressure medications.
Nursing Implications
- Regularly assess cardiac, renal, and liver function in patients using NSAIDs.
- Educate patients on potential adverse effects and appropriate use of medications.
Opioid Medications
- Treats acute pain associated with tissue damage; effects include altering a patient's normal function.
- Agonists bind to opioid receptors in the brain, producing analgesic effects.
Opioid Antagonists
- Naloxone (Narcan) and Naltrexone (ReVia) used to reverse opioid overdose and toxicity.
Schedule II Drugs
- High potential for abuse with restrictions; medications include morphine and hydrocodone.
- Indicated for severe pain management and have a high risk of dependence.
Fentanyl
- A synthetic opioid for managing moderate to severe pain; available in various forms, including patches and injectable.
Schedule III Drugs
- Moderate potential for dependence; includes drugs like oxycodone and buprenorphine/naloxone combinations.
Summary of Key Drug Classes
- Salicylates: Aspirin for pain and cardioprotection.
- Acetic Acid Derivatives: Indomethacin for inflammatory conditions.
- Propionic Acid Derivatives: Ibuprofen for general pain relief.
- Opioids: Strong analgesics, with risks for dependency and overdose.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of inflammation and the arachidonic acid pathway, including the role of inflammatory mediators and the effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). It covers common types of NSAIDs such as salicylates and acetic acid derivatives, detailing their functions and therapeutic uses. Assess your knowledge on these crucial medical topics.
