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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of infertility?
What percentage of couples of reproductive age worldwide are affected by infertility?
What is the most common cause of female infertility?
What is the name of the condition characterized by multiple small cysts on the ovaries?
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What is the primary purpose of a hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the investigation of infertility?
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What is the term for the placement of sperm into the uterus during ovulation?
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What is the term for assisted reproductive technology (ART) involving fertilization outside the body?
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What is the name of the medication used to stimulate ovulation?
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What is the term for the surgical reconstruction of the fallopian tubes?
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What is the age after which age-related infertility significantly increases?
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Study Notes
Infertility in Gynaecology
Definition and Prevalence
- Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse
- Affects 10-15% of couples of reproductive age worldwide
- Female factor contributes to 40-50% of infertility cases
Causes of Female Infertility
-
Ovulatory disorders: 30-40% of female infertility cases
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Hypothalamic amenorrhea
- Premature ovarian failure
-
Tubal factors: 20-30% of female infertility cases
- Tubal blockage or damage
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-
Uterine factors: 10-20% of female infertility cases
- Uterine fibroids
- Adenomyosis
- Endometriosis: 10-20% of female infertility cases
-
Cervical factors: 5-10% of female infertility cases
- Cervical stenosis
- Abnormal cervical mucus
- Age-related infertility: increases with advancing age, especially after 35 years
- Other factors: thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, autoimmune disorders
Investigations and Diagnosis
- Medical history: detailed history of menstrual cycles, previous pregnancies, and medical conditions
- Physical examination: pelvic examination, weight, and body mass index (BMI) assessment
-
Laboratory tests:
- Hormone levels (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone)
- Semen analysis (for male partner)
-
Imaging studies:
- Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) for ovarian reserve assessment
- Hysterosalpingography (HSG) for tubal patency evaluation
- Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy for endometriosis and tubal damage
Management and Treatment
- Ovulation induction: medications to stimulate ovulation (Clomiphene citrate, Letrozole)
- Intrauterine insemination (IUI): placement of sperm into the uterus during ovulation
- In vitro fertilization (IVF): assisted reproductive technology (ART) involving fertilization outside the body
- Surgical interventions: tuboplasty, hysteroscopy, and laparoscopy for tubal reconstruction and endometriosis treatment
Infertility in Gynaecology
Definition and Prevalence
- Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse
- Affects 10-15% of couples of reproductive age worldwide
- Female factor contributes to 40-50% of infertility cases
Causes of Female Infertility
- Ovulatory disorders contribute to 30-40% of female infertility cases
- Ovulatory disorders include PCOS, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and premature ovarian failure
- Tubal factors contribute to 20-30% of female infertility cases
- Tubal factors include tubal blockage or damage, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Uterine factors contribute to 10-20% of female infertility cases
- Uterine factors include uterine fibroids and adenomyosis
- Endometriosis contributes to 10-20% of female infertility cases
- Cervical factors contribute to 5-10% of female infertility cases
- Cervical factors include cervical stenosis and abnormal cervical mucus
- Age-related infertility increases with advancing age, especially after 35 years
- Other factors contributing to infertility include thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, and autoimmune disorders
Investigations and Diagnosis
- Medical history includes detailed history of menstrual cycles, previous pregnancies, and medical conditions
- Physical examination includes pelvic examination, weight, and BMI assessment
- Laboratory tests include hormone levels (FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone) and semen analysis (for male partner)
- Imaging studies include transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) for ovarian reserve assessment
- Imaging studies include hysterosalpingography (HSG) for tubal patency evaluation
- Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are used for endometriosis and tubal damage diagnosis
Management and Treatment
- Ovulation induction involves medications to stimulate ovulation (Clomiphene citrate, Letrozole)
- Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves placement of sperm into the uterus during ovulation
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves assisted reproductive technology (ART) with fertilization outside the body
- Surgical interventions include tuboplasty, hysteroscopy, and laparoscopy for tubal reconstruction and endometriosis treatment
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Description
This quiz covers the definition, prevalence, and causes of female infertility, including ovulatory disorders and tubal factors. Learn about the factors that contribute to infertility in women of reproductive age.
