Whooping Cough and Tuberculosis

Caused by Bordetella pertussis, a bacterium.

Bordetella pertussis attaches to respiratory cells.

Remove particles from the respiratory tract.

Damages respiratory cells, allowing mucus build up.

Vaccination protects against whooping cough, but boosters are needed.

Usually do not require hospitalization (5% cases).

Infants may need hospitalization (50% cases).

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus.

The ability of cord-like colonies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an indicator of severity.

Cord formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis impede macrophage ingestion.

Caused by Bordetella pertussis, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus.

Bordetella pertussis binds to ciliated cells in your airway using fimbriae-like adhesion molecules.

Ciliated cells in your airway remove particles that could damage your lungs.

Bordetella pertussis produces exotoxins that destroy ciliated cells.

Without ciliated cells, mucus builds up in the lungs, blocking airways and causing coughing fits.

The DTap vaccine protects against whooping cough.

Teenagers and adults need booster shots for whooping cough, especially if they're around infants.

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to form cord-like colonies indicates its virulence.

Cord formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis can impede macrophages from ingesting and destroying the bacteria.

Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis.

The Bordetella pertussis bacteria infects the respiratory tract, releasing toxins that damage and inflame the airways.

Pertussis is spread through the air when infected individuals cough or sneeze, releasing bacteria-containing mucus droplets.

After exposure to Bordetella pertussis, there's a week-long incubation period before symptoms appear.

The damage caused by Bordetella pertussis in the airways leads to increased mucus production.

Hand washing and coughing into the elbow are important preventive measures against pertussis.

Healthcare workers use gowns, gloves, and masks to minimize cross-contamination between patients.

Pertussis is most contagious during the catarrhal stage, before the characteristic cough develops.

Vaccination with DTaP is recommended to protect against pertussis.

Pertussis has three stages: catarrhal (early), paroxysmal (intense coughing), and convalescent (recovery).

The early stage of pertussis (onset to 2 weeks). Symptoms are mild, like a cold, but highly contagious.

The intense coughing stage of pertussis (2-8 weeks). Characterized by violent coughing fits and the 'whoop' sound.

The final stage of pertussis (8-12 weeks). Recovery period with gradually decreasing cough frequency and intensity.

The bacteria is multiplying rapidly and hasn't been targeted by the immune system yet.

Elements that can change the length or severity of pertussis, such as age, immunization status, and prior exposure.

Infants may not 'whoop' due to weak breathing after coughing fits, while adults may have milder symptoms due to larger airways.

Vaccinated individuals fight the infection faster and with less severity because their bodies are primed for it.

Previous exposure to pertussis prepares the body to fight the infection again, leading to milder symptoms upon re-infection.

The recovery process can take a long time, with coughing symptoms lingering even after the infection clears.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacteria that primarily affects the lungs.

Before the stethoscope, TB diagnosis relied on observing symptoms like weight loss, coughing, and bloody sputum.

The invention of the stethoscope in 1818 by René Laënnec allowed doctors to listen to lung sounds, significantly improving TB diagnosis.

Sanatoriums were used to isolate patients and treat them with fresh air, rest, and a nourishing diet.

Robert Koch, in 1882, identified the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, the cause of TB.

The 20th century saw significant advances in TB control, including the development of the BCG vaccine and effective antibiotic treatments.

The emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic led to a resurgence of TB, as people with weakened immune systems are more vulnerable.

MDR-TB is a strain of TB that is resistant to several common antibiotics, making it difficult to treat.

TB is causing 1.3 million deaths annually, and the emergence of MDR-TB strains makes the situation even more urgent.

TB primarily affects the lungs, causing inflammation and damaging lung tissue, leading to coughing, weight loss, and difficulty breathing.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

TB is spread through the air when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. The bacteria can be inhaled by someone nearby.

Latent TB means you're infected with the TB bacteria but don't have active TB disease. You're not sick and can't spread the disease.

Active TB means the bacteria is multiplying and causing symptoms like coughing, fever, and weight loss. You can spread the disease to others.

Macrophages are special cells that engulf the TB bacteria and try to neutralize them.

TB can become active when the immune system is weakened, such as in young children or people with HIV.

Symptoms include a cough that lasts more than 3 weeks, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Doctors diagnose TB by using a chest x-ray, a TB skin test, and sputum tests.

TB is treated with a combination of antibiotics taken for several months.

TB is a serious health problem worldwide because it can be fatal if untreated and new drug-resistant strains are emerging.

Traditional TB tests like skin tests, chest X-rays, and sputum cultures have limitations: slow, complicated, and unreliable.

Since 2011, a new test detects TB and resistance to main anti-TB drugs in two hours.

The ideal TB test is fast, reliable, and uses a simple sample like blood or urine.

Treatment for uncomplicated TB involves taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-9 months.

Treatment for resistant TB is even longer and more complex, with two years of pills, injections, and side effects.

Doctors face challenges convincing patients to complete the long and difficult TB treatment.

Two new anti-TB drugs are in clinical trials, promising better treatment options in the future.

The BCG vaccine, used since WWII, prevents serious TB forms in children but doesn't stop transmission.

Researchers are working towards an effective vaccine for children and adults, but it's still a long way off.

A new, effective TB vaccine is not expected before 2020 at the earliest.