Infectious Diseases: Susceptible Host

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the capability building component of the program?

Increasing public awareness about eye health

Conducting advanced research in eye health

Developing surgical techniques for eye treatment

Ensuring government facilities can deliver eye care services (correct)

Which of the following is identified as a significant risk factor for visual impairments?

Advanced age (correct)

Poor nutritional habits

Lack of access to technology

Inconsistent healthcare visits

What is the purpose of the development and dissemination of clinical practice guidelines for eye health?

To ensure uniformity in eye surgery methods

To train volunteers on eye care

To create awareness among patients regarding eye diseases

To form part of the research agenda of the program (correct)

Which statement is true regarding cataracts?

They involve the opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye Signup and view all the answers

What does primary eye prevention focus on?

Health education and advocacy Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of service delivery is emphasized in the prevention of the Blindness Program?

Adhering to the principle of best practice Signup and view all the answers

What type of training does the program offer to ensure efficacy?

Coordination training for regional implementers Signup and view all the answers

Errors of refraction are classified as which type of visual health issue?

The most common cause of visual impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of visual impairment in the population?

2.06% Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily provides services to address errors of refraction?

Optometrists Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blindness prevalence is reported among children up to age 19?

0.06% Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is involved in screening children for signs of visual impairment?

Pediatricians Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component of the information management system regarding visual impairment?

National scope with local considerations Signup and view all the answers

What essential nutrient is highlighted as critical for health?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

Who is wrongly perceived to be the sole group responsible for research in public health?

Professional researchers Signup and view all the answers

Which group has not commonly included research in their statement of duties?

Public health nurses Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is NOT a causative agent of tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation time for tuberculosis?

4-6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of a nurse in the National Tuberculosis Control Program?

Disease researcher Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment regimen is designated for new smear-positive TB cases?

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol Signup and view all the answers

Which category of notifiable diseases requires immediate reporting?

Category I diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of tuberculosis?

Persistent cough Signup and view all the answers

Which law established the framework for tuberculosis control in the Philippines?

RA No. 1136 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of transmission for tuberculosis?

Airborne droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a Category II notifiable disease?

Acute bloody diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Department of Health regarding non-communicable diseases?

To reduce the avoidable burden of non-communicable diseases Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence a host's susceptibility to infection?

Genetic factors and overall health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for infections?

Prolonged skin to skin contact Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for certain infections mentioned?

5 months to 5 years Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to diagnose certain skin infections?

Skin slit test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an early sign of infection?

Reddish or white change in skin color Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the preventive measures against infections?

BCG vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector for malaria?

Female anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with malaria?

Loss of appetite Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a causative agent of schistosomiasis?

Schistosoma mansoni Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'intermediary host' in the context of schistosomiasis?

A host where larvae develop into a mature form Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the universal precautions recommended for controlling infections?

Screening of blood donors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanical method of preventing malaria?

Use of fly swats or traps Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is commonly used for malaria?

Chloroquine phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the malaria illness referred to in the content?

King of tropical diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a reporting unit in the context of health services?

Any DOH Health care facility delivering services to the public. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical condition for a Barangay Health Station (BHS) to be recognized as a reporting unit?

It must have regular services rendered to a defined catchment area. Signup and view all the answers

How is the lowest level of reporting unit classified?

Barangay Health Station (BHS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a Barangay Health Station (BHS) is NOT true?

A BHS cannot provide services from a residence. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Magna Carta of Public Health Workers'?

To ensure no discrimination based on various factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Magna Carta of Public Health Workers emphasize regarding health staff?

It prohibits understaffing and overloading of health staff. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health services reporting, what does 'RHU' stand for?

Rural Health Unit Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation placed on Barangay Health Stations regarding catchment areas?

They cannot overlap with the catchment area of any RHU. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Susceptible Host

The individual at the end of the infection chain is the susceptible host.
Susceptibility depends on genetic factors, immune response, or overall health.
Host defenses include specific and non-specific immunity.
Specific immunity is developed through infection, vaccination, or maternal transfer.
Specific defenses include skin, mucous membranes, and immune responses.

Mode of Transmission

Prolonged skin-to-skin contact and droplet infection are the common modes of transmission.
Incubation period is 5 months to 5 years.
A skin slit test is used for laboratory/diagnostic testing.

Signs and Symptoms

Early signs include reddish or white change in skin color, loss of sensation, decreased or absent sweating or hair growth, thickened or painful nerves, and ulcers that do not heal.
Late signs include loss of eyebrow, inability to close eyelids, clawing of fingers and toes, contractures, breast enlargement in males, and chronic ulcers.

Prevention

BCG vaccination is essential.
Avoid prolonged skin-to-skin contact.
Maintain good personal hygiene.
Ensure adequate nutrition.
Promote health education.

Malaria Control Program

Malaria is also known as Marsh fever, Periodic fever, or King of tropical diseases.
The causative agent includes Plasmodium falciparum, Vivax, Ovale, Malariae, and Knowlesi.
The vector is the female Anopheles mosquito.
Symptoms include recurrent fever, chills, profuse sweating, malaise, and anemia.
Laboratory/Diagnostic tests include blood smear and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT).
Treatment includes oral antimalarial drugs like Chloroquine phosphate 250mg for all species except P. falciparum.

Schistosomiasis Control Program

Schistosomiasis is also known as Snail fever or Bilharziasis.
The causative agent is Schistosoma Japonicum, Mansoni, and Haematobium.
The intermediary host is Oncomelania quadrasi.
Mode of transmission is through water, indirect (skin pores).
Diagnostic tests include Cercum Ova Precipetin Test (COPT) and Kato Katz technique.
Symptoms include various complications related to the infection.

National Tuberculosis Control Program

Tuberculosis is known as Phtisis, Consumption, or Koch's disease.
The causative agent includes Mycobacterium Africanum, bovis, canettii, and tuberculosis (humans).
The mode of transmission is through airborne droplets.
Incubation time is 4-6 weeks.
Signs and symptoms include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and persistent cough.
Diagnostic tests include direct sputum smear microscopy which determines the presence of TB based on the number of acid-fast bacilli detected.
Treatment regimens include Category I (new smear-positive TB treated with a 6-month regimen of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol) and Category II (treatment failure, relapse, or return after default treated with an extended regimen).

Roles and Responsibilities of the Nurse in the NTP (National TB Program) and DOTS (Direct Observed Treatment Short-course/Tutok Gamutan) Strategy

The nurse plays multiple roles in the NTP and DOTS strategy including:
- Administrator
- Health educator
- Case manager and coordinator
- Community coordinator
- Treatment partner
- Advocate

Laws for Communicable Disease Control

RA No. 3573: Reporting of communicable diseases.
- Category I (Immediately Notifiable): Acute flaccid paralysis, adverse event following immunization, anthrax, paralytic shellfish poisoning, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
- Category II (Weekly Notifiable): Acute bloody diarrhea, acute encephalitis syndrome, acute viral hepatitis, cholera, dengue, diphtheria, influenza-like illness, leptospirosis, and Malaria.
RA No. 4073: Liberalizing treatment of leprosy.
RA No. 1136: TB law of 1954, establishment of TB law.
Memorandum Circular No. 98-155: Prioritizes TB control in public health programs, pronounces the NTCP as the highest priority Public Health Program of the LGUs.
AO No. 24 series of 1996: Corresponding visual field loss to less than 10 degrees in the better eye with best possible correction.

Eye Health Program

Goals of DOH (Department of Health): A Philippines free from the avoidable burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs).
Interventions/Strategies: Advocating and promoting eye health, capability building through training, information management system development, networking and partnership building, resource mobilization, and service delivery with best practice principles.

Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases

Research and Development: Encouraging research for development of local competence in eye health care.
Service Delivery: Providing services for the prevention of blindness program, including primary eye prevention, secondary prevention, screening/early detection/basic management/counseling, referral and/or definitive care, and tertiary prevention.

Cataract

Cataract is the most common cause of blindness worldwide.
Cataract involves the opacification of the normally clear lens of the eye.

Errors of Refraction (EOR)

Errors of refraction are the most common cause of visual impairment in the Philippines.
EOR is corrected with spectacle glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.
Optometrists mainly provide services to address the problem of EOR.

Childhood Blindness

The prevalence of blindness among children (up to age 19) is 0.06%, while the prevalence of visual impairment is 0.43%.
The problem of childhood blindness requires highly specialized services for diagnosis and treatment.
Screening of children for any sign of visual impairment can be done by pediatricians, school clinics, and health workers.

Food Fortification in Relation to Vitamin A

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient.
The FHSIS (Field Health Service Information System) Report forms are submitted by reporting units.
A reporting unit is any DOH healthcare facility providing public care services to targeted beneficiaries.
The lowest level of reporting unit is the Barangay Health Station (BHS) that reports health services provided to its defined catchment area.
The Rural Health Unit (RHU) or Main Health Center is the next level of reporting unit.

Laws Affecting Public Health and the Practice of Community Health Nursing

RA 7305 (Magna Carta of Public Health Workers):
- Section 1: Title: Defines the Act as the "Magna Carta of Public Health Workers."
- Section 9: Discrimination Prohibited: Prohibits discrimination based on gender, religion, ethnicity, or political beliefs.
- Section 10: No Understaffing/Overloading of Health Staff: Ensures proper staffing for quality health care, with health students only assisting for educational purposes.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the concept of the susceptible host in the chain of infection. It covers factors influencing susceptibility, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms of infection, and preventive measures. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact in the context of infectious diseases.