Questions and Answers
What are pathogens?
Disease causing agents that can make you sick or cause death.
Which of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for infectious diseases? (Select all that apply)
Which method of pathogen transmission involves touching an object that an infected person has contacted?
Airborne diseases are transmitted through direct contact.
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What is the primary cause of disease in humans from bacteria?
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Which bacterial disease is characterized by a chronic cough and fluid accumulation in the lungs?
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What virus is commonly known to cause the flu?
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All viruses are easy to treat.
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What are some symptoms of Hepatitis?
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What is the function of antibodies in the immune system?
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What are noninfectious diseases?
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What is chronic lung disease characterized by?
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) includes diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic ________.
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Allergies usually improve with time and reduced exposure to allergens.
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What are the symptoms of hay fever?
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Which of the following triggers asthma attacks? (Select all that apply)
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What causes emphysema?
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What is the main characteristic of bronchitis?
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What is epilepsy caused by?
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What are some symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)? (Select all that apply)
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What causes lactose intolerance?
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What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
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Peptic ulcers are caused by excessive physical irritation.
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What is arthritis?
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What are common symptoms of fibromyalgia? (Select all that apply)
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What is chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)?
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What happens in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
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Noninfectious diseases are usually transmitted by a pathogen or by personal contact.
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What condition is characterized by chronic breathlessness?
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Which of the following diseases is part of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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What triggers are associated with asthma attacks?
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Which of the following is a common symptom of migraines?
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What is epilepsy?
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Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) may include ___ and ___ pain.
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What causes lactose intolerance?
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Peptic ulcers are caused solely by high-fat foods.
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Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
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What is fibromyalgia?
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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by an abnormal lack of energy.
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What is the primary cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?
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Study Notes
Pathogens
- Pathogens are agents that cause diseases, capable of leading to illness or death.
- Found in the air, food, and on various surfaces and individuals.
Uncontrollable Risk Factors
- Heredity: Family history and genetic traits influencing disease susceptibility.
- Aging: Increased vulnerability to diseases with age.
- Environmental Conditions: Poor hygiene, exposure to drugs, chemicals, and pollutants heighten risks.
- Organism Resistance: Certain pathogens can resist bodily defenses and treatments.
Controllable Risk Factors
- Stress management is crucial for health.
- Proper nutrition aids in preventing diseases.
- Maintaining a high level of physical fitness contributes to immunity.
- Sufficient sleep is vital for recovery and resilience.
- Avoiding drug misuse is essential for minimizing health risks.
- Good hygiene practices reduce infection risk.
- Engaging in high-risk behaviors increases vulnerability to diseases.
Routes of Pathogen Transmission
- Direct Contact: Involves touch, kissing, and sexual relations.
- Indirect Contact: Involves touching contaminated objects.
- Airborne Contact: Inhalation of pathogens suspended in the air.
- Food-borne Infection: Consumption of contaminated food.
Additional Routes of Pathogen Transmission
- Animal-borne Pathogens: Diseases spread via bites or contact with infected animals.
- Water-borne Diseases: Contamination from drinking or swimming in polluted water.
- Perinatal Transmission: Diseases passed from mother to infant during pregnancy or childbirth.
Bacteria
- Bacteria are single-celled organisms, with around 100 species harmful to humans.
- Typically, diseases are caused by bacterial toxins rather than the bacteria themselves.
- Bacteria can be observed using standard microscopes.
Bacterial Diseases
- Staphylococcal Infections: Typically reside on skin; can cause acne and other skin infections when skin is broken.
- Streptococcal Infections: Known for causing strep throat and scarlet fever.
- Pneumonia: Bacterial form shows symptoms such as chronic cough and chest pain.
- Legionnaire’s Disease: Similar to pneumonia, water-borne with severe symptoms.
- Tuberculosis (TB): Airborne disease causing lung inflammation leading to severe symptoms.
Viruses
- Viruses are minute microbes requiring host cells for replication and survival.
- More than 150 viruses can cause human diseases and are resistant to various treatments.
Viral Diseases
- Common Cold: Over 200 viruses implicated; susceptibility increases with stress and allergies.
- Influenza (Flu): Symptoms may vary; can be severe in vulnerable populations.
- Mononucleosis: Symptoms include fatigue and sore throat; spread through body fluids, not easily contracted through casual contact.
-
Hepatitis: Causes liver inflammation, with symptoms varying by type (A, B, C).
- Hepatitis A: Contracted via contaminated food or water.
- Hepatitis B: Spread through body fluids, often associated with unprotected sex.
- Hepatitis C: Linked to needle sharing; can lead to chronic liver issues.
- Measles: Characterized by rash and high fever; significant long-term complications possible.
Other Pathogens
- Fungi: Can be beneficial (e.g., mushrooms), but some cause infections like candidiasis and athlete’s foot.
- Protozoa: Single-celled organisms causing diseases, including trichomoniasis and malaria through mosquito bites.
- Parasitic Worms: Infestations from raw fish; cooking can eliminate these risks.
The Immune System
- Functions to protect against harmful substances; antigens trigger immune responses.
- Upon encountering antigens, the body produces antibodies to fight off invaders.
Vaccines
- Vaccination involves injecting a weakened form of pathogens to stimulate long-lasting immunity through antibody production.
Noninfectious Diseases
- Not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted through personal contact.
- Often linked to lifestyle choices or poor hygiene.
Chronic Lung Disease
- Dyspnea: chronic breathlessness affecting daily activities and sleep.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) encompasses asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
Allergic Reactions
- Hypersensitive immune response to specific antigens or allergens, with increased severity over time from exposure.
Hay Fever
- Seasonal respiratory disorder, prevalent during ragweed and flower blooming.
- Symptoms: sneezing, itchy eyes/nose. Family history is common.
- Relief options include injections and antihistamines.
Asthma
- Disease presenting with wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.
- Triggers: air pollutants, allergens, and stress.
- Management includes avoiding triggers and using medications.
Emphysema
- Gradual destruction of lung alveoli, leading to reduced lung function.
- Strong association with smoking and air pollution; inadequate oxygen can lead to health complications.
Bronchitis
- Inflammation of bronchial tube lining, reducing airflow and causing mucus production.
- Caused primarily by smoking, air pollution, and industrial exposure.
Headaches
- Symptoms: sensitivity to light/sound, nausea, throbbing.
- Types include:
- Tension Headaches: caused by muscle tension.
- Migraines: marked by localized pain, often behind one eye.
- Secondary Headaches: result from other health conditions.
Seizures
- Epilepsy: neurological disorder resulting from abnormal brain activity, leading to altered consciousness or convulsions.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Physical and emotional symptoms before menstruation, such as irritability, headaches, and bloating.
- Management includes hormonal therapy, pain medications, and lifestyle adjustments.
Endometriosis
- Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing cramping, irregular periods, and potential infertility.
Diabetes
- Condition resulting from insufficient insulin production or utilization.
- Symptoms: elevated blood sugar, thirst, frequent urination, slow healing.
- Management involves insulin, dietary control, and exercise.
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to produce lactase enzyme leading to digestive symptoms after consuming dairy products.
- Treatment includes low-lactose diets.
Colitis and IBS
- Ulcerative Colitis: inflammatory disorder affecting the large intestine, causing bloody diarrhea.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): characterized by abdominal discomfort and bowel irregularities.
Peptic Ulcers
- Lesions in the stomach/intestines from digestive juices or H. pylori infection; pain relieved by eating.
- Treatment includes antibiotics and dietary changes.
Arthritis
- Painful joint inflammation with symptoms of stiffness and swelling.
- Osteoarthritis: gradual deterioration condition; treatment focuses on pain relief and reducing inflammation.
Fibromyalgia
- Chronic pain disorder with symptoms including headaches and joint stiffness.
- Treatment options include rest, stress management, and dietary supplements.
Lupus
- Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks body organs.
- Symptoms: butterfly rash, joint pain, and muscle ache.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
- Characterized by extreme fatigue and lack of energy for normal activities.
- Accompanied by headaches, sore throat, and memory issues; treatment includes lifestyle improvements.
Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSI)
- Result from repetitive motion, affecting nerves and joints.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common form, causing pain and numbness in the wrists and hands.
Noninfectious Diseases
- Not caused by pathogens and cannot be transmitted through personal contact.
- Often linked to lifestyle choices or poor hygiene.
Chronic Lung Disease
- Dyspnea: chronic breathlessness affecting daily activities and sleep.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) encompasses asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
Allergic Reactions
- Hypersensitive immune response to specific antigens or allergens, with increased severity over time from exposure.
Hay Fever
- Seasonal respiratory disorder, prevalent during ragweed and flower blooming.
- Symptoms: sneezing, itchy eyes/nose. Family history is common.
- Relief options include injections and antihistamines.
Asthma
- Disease presenting with wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.
- Triggers: air pollutants, allergens, and stress.
- Management includes avoiding triggers and using medications.
Emphysema
- Gradual destruction of lung alveoli, leading to reduced lung function.
- Strong association with smoking and air pollution; inadequate oxygen can lead to health complications.
Bronchitis
- Inflammation of bronchial tube lining, reducing airflow and causing mucus production.
- Caused primarily by smoking, air pollution, and industrial exposure.
Headaches
- Symptoms: sensitivity to light/sound, nausea, throbbing.
- Types include:
- Tension Headaches: caused by muscle tension.
- Migraines: marked by localized pain, often behind one eye.
- Secondary Headaches: result from other health conditions.
Seizures
- Epilepsy: neurological disorder resulting from abnormal brain activity, leading to altered consciousness or convulsions.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Physical and emotional symptoms before menstruation, such as irritability, headaches, and bloating.
- Management includes hormonal therapy, pain medications, and lifestyle adjustments.
Endometriosis
- Endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing cramping, irregular periods, and potential infertility.
Diabetes
- Condition resulting from insufficient insulin production or utilization.
- Symptoms: elevated blood sugar, thirst, frequent urination, slow healing.
- Management involves insulin, dietary control, and exercise.
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to produce lactase enzyme leading to digestive symptoms after consuming dairy products.
- Treatment includes low-lactose diets.
Colitis and IBS
- Ulcerative Colitis: inflammatory disorder affecting the large intestine, causing bloody diarrhea.
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): characterized by abdominal discomfort and bowel irregularities.
Peptic Ulcers
- Lesions in the stomach/intestines from digestive juices or H. pylori infection; pain relieved by eating.
- Treatment includes antibiotics and dietary changes.
Arthritis
- Painful joint inflammation with symptoms of stiffness and swelling.
- Osteoarthritis: gradual deterioration condition; treatment focuses on pain relief and reducing inflammation.
Fibromyalgia
- Chronic pain disorder with symptoms including headaches and joint stiffness.
- Treatment options include rest, stress management, and dietary supplements.
Lupus
- Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks body organs.
- Symptoms: butterfly rash, joint pain, and muscle ache.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
- Characterized by extreme fatigue and lack of energy for normal activities.
- Accompanied by headaches, sore throat, and memory issues; treatment includes lifestyle improvements.
Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSI)
- Result from repetitive motion, affecting nerves and joints.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a common form, causing pain and numbness in the wrists and hands.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential concepts surrounding infectious diseases, including the pathogens responsible for illnesses and the uncontrollable risk factors that can increase vulnerability. Participants will learn about how heredity, aging, and environmental conditions contribute to disease risk. Perfect for students and health enthusiasts alike.
