Communicable Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the prevention phase in the disaster management cycle?

  • To gather information about potential hazards.
  • To reduce the likelihood of a disaster occurring. (correct)
  • To support victims after a disaster has occurred.
  • To implement response interventions quickly.

Which of the following is a key activity during the preparedness phase of disaster management?

  • Training response teams through scenario exercises. (correct)
  • Mobilizing emergency services immediately.
  • Conducting risk assessments post-disaster.
  • Terminating releases of hazardous substances.

What is the focus of the detection and alert phase in disaster management?

  • Providing support to victims after a disaster.
  • Regulating hazardous substances to prevent disasters.
  • Using surveillance to identify incidents early. (correct)
  • Mobilizing emergency services to respond to a situation.

Which action is typically part of the response phase following a disaster?

<p>Implementing emergency service mobilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the recovery phase, which of the following actions is essential?

<p>Investigation of the root cause of the incident. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of infection control in a healthcare setting?

<p>To prevent cross-contamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus area when developing a vaccination programme?

<p>Social media marketing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization guides the HSE in Ireland regarding immunisation policies?

<p>Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination strategies can vary based on which of the following factors?

<p>Local epidemiology and funding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically reviewed after securing resources for a vaccination schedule change?

<p>Submissions from vaccine manufacturers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion for successful bidding from vaccine manufacturers?

<p>Record of company against previous contracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which website offers up-to-date information on childhood immunisation schedules in Ireland?

<p><a href="http://www.immunisation.ie">www.immunisation.ie</a> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implementing targeted vaccination strategies?

<p>To respond to specific health risks in defined populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes nosocomial infections?

<p>Infections acquired as a result of healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary risk factor for acquiring healthcare-associated infections?

<p>Invasive procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended measure to control healthcare-associated infections?

<p>Increased patient mobility without precautions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What category of communicable diseases would gastrointestinal infections fall under?

<p>Other communicable diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies an example of a nosocomial infection?

<p>MRSA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of the increased movement of patients between hospital wards?

<p>Higher rates of healthcare-associated infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?

<p>Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is considered the most important for preventing healthcare-associated infections?

<p>Hand washing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major contributing factor to the emergence of infectious diseases?

<p>Changes in agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

<p>Strict immigration policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is among those attracting particular research attention according to current concerns?

<p>SARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with emerging zoonoses?

<p>Population displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of global travel in relation to communicable diseases?

<p>Spread of infections across regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is a direct influence on changing vector distribution in infectious disease outbreaks?

<p>Increased urban development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key element necessary for the organization of infection control?

<p>Collaboration between national and local governments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using inactivated injected polio vaccine in countries where polio has been eradicated?

<p>It is safer compared to the live vaccine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an objective of controlling an outbreak?

<p>Reducing healthcare costs associated with the outbreak. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an outbreak according to the information provided?

<p>Two or more related cases of the same disease. (A), More cases of disease than expected in a specific group over a time period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is employed when an outbreak of pertussis is detected?

<p>Offering vaccination to pregnant women to protect newborns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following considerations is part of an outbreak control plan?

<p>Identifying the roles and responsibilities of participating organizations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a facility for reversion to the live polio vaccine during outbreaks?

<p>To enhance herd immunity rapidly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component of outbreak response strategies?

<p>Conducting thorough surveillance to identify disease patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following considerations is essential when making vaccination policies?

<p>The need for booster doses and dose intervals must be addressed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main groups of automated and semi-automated systems in microbiology?

<p>Identification and susceptibility testing and blood culture systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of molecular methods in diagnosing infectious diseases?

<p>They have substantial potential for rapid diagnosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has globalization increased in terms of infectious diseases?

<p>The risk of international spread of infectious diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are member states required to notify the WHO about?

<p>Public health emergencies of international concern (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following core obligations applies to the WHO in response to member states?

<p>To update regulations to remain scientifically valid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of health measures are becoming increasingly important in light of globalization?

<p>Nuanced port health measures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a specific obligation of WHO member states?

<p>Inform the public about local health concerns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes blood culture systems used for M. tuberculosis?

<p>They are designed for high-volume testing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infection Control in Healthcare

Preventing the spread of infections between patients, healthcare workers, and the environment.

Vaccination Programme

A planned approach to protecting people from diseases through vaccination.

Developing a Vaccination Programme

The process of creating and delivering a new vaccination strategy.

Areas to Consider in Vaccination Programme Development

The scientific evidence, strategy, administration, finance, vaccine acquisition, communication, and informatics aspects.

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Vaccination Schedule Variations

Variations in vaccination schedules based on local disease patterns, vaccine availability, funding, and risk factors.

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Criteria for Choosing Vaccines

Vaccines are chosen based on their safety, effectiveness, availability, cost, and the manufacturer's track record.

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Targeted Vaccination Strategies

Utilizing vaccines to target and control specific outbreaks or high-risk groups.

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Implementing a Vaccination Policy

The process of putting a vaccination policy into practice, often at the local level with funding from central government.

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Disaster Prevention

Measures taken to reduce the likelihood of a disaster happening.

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Disaster Preparedness

Gathering information, creating plans, and training teams to respond effectively to a disaster.

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Disaster Detection and Alert

Using systems like earthquake detectors and health surveillance to identify potential disasters early.

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Disaster Response

Immediate actions taken to minimize the impact of a disaster, such as mobilizing emergency services and controlling hazardous substances.

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Disaster Recovery

The process of restoring normality after a disaster, including supporting victims, assessing risks, and investigating the cause.

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Mass vs Selective Immunization

Mass vaccination targets a large population, while selective vaccination targets specific groups like healthcare workers.

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Live vs Inactivated Vaccines

Live vaccines use weakened versions of the pathogen, while inactivated vaccines use killed versions.

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Booster Doses

A booster dose is given later to strengthen the immune response and provide long-lasting protection.

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What is an Outbreak?

An outbreak is a sudden increase in cases of a disease beyond what's expected in a particular area or time.

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Objectives of Outbreak Control

Outbreak investigations aim to identify the source of the disease, control its spread, and prevent future outbreaks.

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Outbreak Surveillance

Surveillance involves monitoring disease patterns to identify outbreaks and assess their impact.

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Outbreak Containment

Containment measures aim to prevent the spread of the disease by isolating infected individuals and breaking the chain of transmission.

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Outbreak Control Plans

Outbreak control plans outline roles, responsibilities, and communication strategies for different organizations involved in responding to an outbreak.

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What are nosocomial infections?

Infections acquired in healthcare settings, where the patient was not infected at the time of admission.

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What are some common examples of microbes causing nosocomial infections?

Organisms like MRSA, C. difficile, GRE, and Acinetobacter that cause infections in healthcare settings.

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What are some risk factors for nosocomial infections?

Patients with weakened immune systems, invasive procedures, and antibiotic overuse contribute to the spread of these infections.

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How are nosocomial infections controlled?

Handwashing is the most important measure to prevent these infections. Other strategies include universal precautions, cautious antibiotic use, and surveillance.

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What groups are especially vulnerable to gastrointestinal infections?

The spread of gastrointestinal infections occurs more easily in specific groups like the elderly, young children, and individuals with compromised immune systems.

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How do gastrointestinal infections spread?

These infections are often spread through contaminated food or water, and can cause symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting.

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What are viral hepatitides?

A group of viral infections that primarily affect the liver, causing inflammation and various symptoms.

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How are viral hepatitides spread?

These infections can be spread through bodily fluids like blood or saliva, and can cause chronic liver disease in some cases.

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International Health Regulations

A global initiative involving countries to monitor the spread of diseases across borders.

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Multilateral Obligations

A group of countries collaborating to prevent disease spread across borders, governed by the International Health Regulations.

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Core obligations of the WHO

The WHO's duty to help member states implement and understand the International Health Regulations.

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Urgent national public health risks

Actions taken by member states to control threats that could spread diseases to other countries.

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Public Health Emergencies of International Concern

Specific criteria that trigger reporting to the WHO, such as polio, smallpox, or a new influenza subtype.

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Port Inspection and Control

Routine checks at ports to prevent diseases from entering a country.

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Automated and Semi-Automated Systems

Using technology to identify and test pathogens quickly, often within a single workday.

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Blood Culture Systems

These analyze blood samples to detect infections, with results often available in 1-2 days.

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Communicable Diseases

Infections transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect contact, such as by air, water, food, or vectors.

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Viral Hepatitis

Viral infections that affect the liver, ranging from mild illness to chronic liver disease.

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Preventing STIs

A set of actions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, like HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea.

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Vector-Borne Diseases

Diseases spread by insects, ticks, or other animals, such as malaria, Lyme disease, and Zika virus.

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Emerging Infectious Diseases

New or re-emerging infectious diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

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Contact Tracing

The process of finding and treating people who may have come into contact with someone with a contagious disease.

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Non-Communicable Diseases

Diseases that are caused by microorganisms but do not spread easily from person to person, and are often associated with specific environments.

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Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.

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Study Notes

Infectious Diseases

  • Infectious diseases are the leading cause of childhood and adolescent deaths globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In 2010, they accounted for over 11 million deaths annually.
  • Infectious diseases remain significant public health concerns in high-income countries due to globalization, re-emergence of old diseases (e.g., TB), novel infections (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), evolving pathogens (e.g., zoonotic diseases, pandemics), antimicrobial resistance, healthcare-associated infections (e.g., MRSA), long-term conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS), and viral causes of certain cancers (e.g., cervical cancer).

Temporal Phases of Infection

  • Incubation period: The time between infection and the onset of symptoms. This period depends on the infecting dose.
  • Latent period: The time between infection and the start of infectiousness. Usually slightly shorter than the incubation period.
  • Period of communicability: The time during which an infected person can transmit the infecting agent. This often begins before the onset of symptoms.

Host States

  • Susceptible: A person who can become infected if exposed to the pathogen.
  • Immune: A state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection through acquired immunity (from a previous infection or vaccination). Passive immunity is acquired in a short-term manner through transfer of antibodies, while active immunity is longer-lasting.
  • Infected: A person with the pathogen present in their body.
  • Case: A person with infection. This can be possible, probable, or confirmed.
  • Contact: A person who has been exposed to a case or source of infection and has the potential to become infected.

Population Measures

  • Epidemic threshold: The estimated number of susceptible individuals in a population needed for an epidemic to emerge.
  • Herd immunity: A phenomenon where a relatively high proportion of immune individuals in a population reduces the spread of an infection. Importantly, it usually requires a high (often 95%) proportion of vaccinated persons.

Surveillance

  • Surveillance is the consistent collection, collation, analysis, and interpretation of data regarding infectious disease outbreaks for disease prevention.
  • This system gathers information for use in detecting trends, evaluating prevention/control measures, and alerting appropriate professionals to potential threats.

Surveillance Types

  • Passive surveillance: Data collection from routine sources (e.g. lab reports). It is simple but often incomplete.
  • Active surveillance: An active effort to maximize data collection completeness and accuracy (e.g., follow-up phone calls).
  • Enhanced surveillance: Collection of additional data about cases for shorter periods or specific tasks. May involve a sample of the population (geographic location or specific risk group).
  • Sentinel surveillance: Data collection from a sample of the population.
  • Syndromic surveillance: Tracks symptoms rather than confirmed cases (used in emergencies and outbreak investigations)

Methods of Control

  • Universal precautions: Practices to prevent cross-contamination, including handwashing and use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • Isolation: Separating infected individuals from others.
  • Decontamination: Cleaning contaminated areas or persons to prevent further spread.
  • Quarantine: Temporarily separating and monitoring potentially exposed individuals.
  • Immunization: Administering vaccines to prevent contracting an infection.
  • Chemoprophylaxis: Using prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infection in exposed individuals.
  • Source removal: Eliminating or controlling a source of infection, such as closing a restaurant.

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Communicable Diseases PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts about infectious diseases, highlighting their impact on global health, particularly among children and adolescents. It also explores the stages of infection, including incubation and latent periods, and the importance of understanding temporal phases in managing disease spread.

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